Black Women Writers Essay

Early significant analyses of Maud Martha, Gwendolyn Brooks’s only novel moreover release it as an ineffective fiction and/or viewed it as a mere expansion of Brooks’s poetic poetry. Those untimely reviewers, often in evaluations of less than a solitary page, lauded the novel’s â€Å"quiet charm and sparkling delicacy of tone† (Winslow 16) but didn’t comment the irritation and nervousness below the description surface. Latest criticism has centered on the undercurrents of fury and revolution of the character, Maud Martha Brown. This fury boils underneath the exterior of the novel’s 34 vignettes of the apparently ordinary, daily life occurrences of a black woman living in the south side of Chicago in the 1940s. The shift in serious viewpoint of the novel, then, is noticeably dissimilar across cohorts. As Mary Helen Washington declares in â€Å"‘Taming All that Anger Down’: Rage and Silence in Gwendolyn Brooks’s Maud Martha†: â€Å"In 1953 no one seemed prepared to call Maud Martha a novel about bitterness, rage, self-hatred and the silence that results from suppressed anger. No one recognized it as a novel dealing with the very sexism and racism that these reviews enshrined. What the reviewers saw as exquisite lyricism was actually the truncated stuttering of a woman whose rage makes her literally unable to speak† (453). Washington’s divided commentary is one of the first to recognize the protagonist’s irritation and inner rebellion as Brooks interlace them into the tapestry of the novel; Washington distinguish a regular outline of concealed fury and anger during the work. Further grinding the center on one meticulous description conflict in Maud Martha, Harry B. Shaw discovers the title character’s â€Å"War with Beauty,† as he subtitles a milestone essay, depicting the dark-skinned black woman character brawl against Eurocentric paradigms of substantial appearance. Shaw’s article describes the property of this partial, color-conscious scheme on Maud’s mind, and accentuates its role in spawning internal encounter with self-hatred and self-doubt (255-56). While I concur with Washington’s and Shaw’s arguments regarding the psychological battles faced by Brooks’s protagonist, I also find that the conflict and confusion that recapitulate Maud Martha’s life unite into a whole imitation of conjugal epic warfare. This conjugal epic warfare expands past Shaw’s â€Å"war on beauty† and integrates all areas of domestic and ancestral ties. Familial conflict exactly describes Maud Martha’s resistance to acquire and preserve her home and relations with family members as she struggles to keep a sense of individuality within this detain structure. Maud Martha detains the conservative literary epic’s spirit of clash by summarizing the figurative symbol of conjugal conflict as female ambitious with Maud Martha as the hero of her homeland. Like with customary epic, Maud Martha emblematizes the cultural paradigms of a decisive moment in history, enlightening the struggles of post-World War II America to reunite the roles of women, in particular African American women, in the public and private area. Through the course of the novel, Maud Martha fights a war against sexism, classism, and racism to create her identity. Winning this war is of supreme significance and of heroic dimensions at bet for Maud Martha, as delegate woman, is home and family, as well as independence, originality, and self-expression. Mainly during the early 1950s, the time in which Maud Martha was printed and set, the familial realm was one of worry and fluctuation as women toil to balance their roles as wives, mothers, and artists. With World Wars I and II only lately past, and the Korean and Vietnam clash on the horizon, (white) women workers found their roles in culture changing. They had pierced the US workforce during the wartime era, providing the nation with a much-needed font of labor. Yet after the war, the arrival of their male complement forced working (white) women’s return to the residence and to family duties. To battle and frustrate these writing of domesticity, in Maud Martha Brooks sum up a clearly female pattern of symbolic warfare that undermine patriarchal and communal structures, and declare the dominance of new visions of female enlargement and original appearance. To build her epic of family warfare, Brooks utilize such description strategies as prearranged meanings within names, change in narrative voice, and conflations of birth and death descriptions; thus, she threaten and redefines customary description of domesticity, of matrimony, and of maternity. For Brooks these organization twist to sites of group and responsibility for women. She confuse the empire of the domestic beyond a sphere of binary and competing gender functions to critique the roles of men and women in producing and preserve the social arrangement that bound female expansion and to assess how race, class, and gender notify the relation viewpoint of the heroine. Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience Jill Nelson offered the most piercing critique yet on racism at The Washington Post. Nelson, an African-American journalist who was employed at the paper for four years, pleasures the reader with a memoir that’s raw, sharp and amusing; she gladly picks at the scabs of race and sex and class that most writers favor to leave unhurt. For Nelson, repayment is hell, and she pays back – with retaliation, settling some malicious scores with the firm organ that seduced her from freelance writing in New York and then deserted her in the back-stabbing nation’s capital. Nelson gets her defeat in good. Ben Bradlee turns out to be â€Å"a small, gray, crumpled gnome. † Bradlee sheers such inspirational lines as â€Å"I want the fashions [section] to be exciting, new, to portray women who dress with style, like my wife. † Publisher Don Graham is â€Å"a rich kid waiting for his mother to let go of the reins. † Other Posties are uncharitably described as â€Å"weasel-like† and â€Å"mottled, plump, sour-lipped. † But ultimately, is a touching tale of being a black woman in a white and male corporate world – â€Å"voluntary slavery,† she calls it. â€Å"I envy the egotism,† she writes of the Post, â€Å"their intrinsic belief in the value of whatever they’re doing, the complacency that comes from years of simply being Caucasian and, for the really lucky, having a penis. † A core sister who revels in the racy, Nelson explains utilize like having sex with a mortician on his preserve table and the joys of male. Nelson’s attitude about the opposite sex is a simple one: â€Å"One thing I love about men and pussy is that is makes them so predictable. â€Å" Still, it’s race, not sex, which fuels all through it all. Nelson is evermore in search of her own â€Å"authentic Negro experience,† forever at war between her own arrogance in being black and her self-criticism for not being black enough. She writes touchingly of her own exacting family pathos – a brother on crack, a sister eternally immobilized by a drug overdose – and resist with her own guilt at being a part of the black bourgeoisie. But Nelson’s dispute falls short when it comes to clearing up the steamy issue of race at the Washington Post. But Nelson’s spotlight on Barry-bashing at the Post pleads the question: If the paper was so bigoted, why did it go trouble-free on Barry for so long? Nelson doesn’t actually try to answer this question; in its place, much of what she writes is an explanation for the coke-tooting mayor. Nelson declares Barry was only â€Å"supposedly† smoking crack on the well-known FBI videotape; that a female who bear witnessed that Barry enforced her to have sex had it coming; that the Post was â€Å"part of a de facto plot on the part of the U. S. Attorney †¦ to get’ Marion Barry. † But she does reluctantly recognize this: â€Å"Overweight, greasy, usually dripping with sweat, Barry speaks English like it’s his second language. † Bambara’s feisty girls: resistance narratives in Gorilla, My Love – Toni Cade Bambara When Thunder buns, the â€Å"huge and awful matron,† charges the passageway of the movie theater in Toni Cade Bambara’s story â€Å"Gorilla, My Love,† the kids finally â€Å"shut up and watch the simple ass picture† (Gorilla 15). She is the â€Å"decorated† matron, the one the organization lets out â€Å"in case of emergency,† when potato chip bags start igniting and the kids are turning the place out. Thunder buns are the shape of co-opted black power. As such, she set as the dead reverse of Bambara’s spirited, aggressive, no-nonsense young female conversationalist/protagonist of the story, who is variously named, depending on the occasion, â€Å"Scout,† â€Å"Badbird,† â€Å"Miss Muffin,† â€Å"Hazel† (her â€Å"real name†), â€Å"Precious,† and â€Å"Peaches. â€Å" Thunder buns, as her friends call her, emerges in the inset story Hazel tells in â€Å"Gorilla, My Love† to exemplify how adults deceive children. Thunder buns are not truly the agent of disloyalty here, but rather the enforcer of ethnically charged commercial treachery. Hazel and her brothers, Big Brood and Baby Jason, have rewarded their money to see a film called Gorilla, My Love, only to be shown a tattered old brown print of a Jesus movie: â€Å"And I am ready to kill, not because I got anything against Jesus. Just that when you fixed to watch a gorilla picture you don’t want to get messed around with Sunday School stuff† Hazel is briefly silenced by the weight of Thunderbuns’s consequential power, But not for long. With warrior like power her brothers rejecting the call–she rushes into the manager’s office and ask for her money back. She sees his pasty-complexioned condescension. And, in comic foray, she informs us, her reader/intimates, that he is wrong about her authority and ability. She has the full determine of her families ethnically conversant, equally forced, disobedient self-possession behind her. Even as her mother will threaten the teachers at P. S. 186 who dare to â€Å"start playing the dozens behind colored folks†, Hazel will carry on her threats. When the money is not reimbursed, she starts a fire below the candy counter that close up the theater down for a week: â€Å"I mean even gangsters in the movies say my word is my bond. So don’t anybody get away with nothing far as I’m concerned†. The story â€Å"Gorilla, My Love† first emerged in Redbook Magazine in November, 1971, a year after the periodical of Bambara’s path breaking, cherished, and inflammable black feminist anthology The Black Woman. The story itself has a descent, however, dating back to 1959, when Bambara’s first child-narrated short story, â€Å"Sweet Home,† appeared in Vendome magazine. When Bambara was interviewed by Beverly Guy-Sheftall in the mid-seventies, (1) she comment on the prospects for her changeable and authorize girl narrators, whose stories had been emerging all through the sixties and were lastly gathered up on the wings of the success of The Black Woman and published in a collection entitled Gorilla, My Love in 1972: There are certain kinds of feelings that people are very thankful of, people who are tough, but very sympathetic. You put me in any neighborhood, in any city, and I will tend to descend toward that type. The kid in â€Å"Gorilla† (the story as well as that collection) is a kind of person who will stay alive, and she’s successful in her survival. (233) All but four of the fifteen stories in Gorilla, My Love are enclosed by the realization of a child or teenage character; of those, ten are voiced in the first person (2)–with the singular â€Å"I† drawing its energy and power from an implied â€Å"we† of community. When Hazel storms into the manager’s office, then, she is traveling on the strength of more than a decade of such acts of defiant resistance by Bambara’s feisty girls. Bambara calls her â€Å"the kid†Ã¢â‚¬â€œof the story and the whole collection. But in fact there is no particular narrative â€Å"kid† in any dull sense unites the whole collection. Some of the â€Å"I† voices are youngsters; others quite young children, including Hazel herself from the title-story–who is proud to be the guide of her grandfather’s car on the way back from a pecan-gathering journey. But, as she admits, she actually likes the front seat because the pecans variables in the back are scary: There might be a rat prowling somewhere. And she admits to us that she still sleeps with the lights on and blames it on Baby Jason. Still, she is one of the most tough-talking and self-possessed young female voices in American literature. And she shares individuality with the other girl-children in Bambara’s stories of that decade for the laser-like intensity of her ethical cleverness and her ability to distinguish the convolutions of adult hypocrisy. Bambara wrote in a personal narrative entitled â€Å"Salvation Is the Issue† in 1984: What informs my work as I read it–and this is the answer to the regularly lift question about how come my â€Å"children† stories administer to escape being unbearably shy, delightful and sentimental–are the basic givens†¦. One, we are at war. Two, the normal reply to domination, lack of knowledge, wickedness and bewilderment is wide-awake confrontation. Three, the natural reply to pressure and disaster is not collapse and surrender, but alteration and regeneration†¦. BIBLIOGRAPHY †¢ Maud Martha by Gwendolyn Brooks. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Maud-Martha-Gwendolyn-Brooks/dp/0883780615 †¢ Volunteer Slavery: My Authentic Negro Experience by Jill Nelson. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Volunteer-Slavery-Authentic-Negro-Experience/dp/014023716X †¢ Gorilla, My Love by Toni Cade Bambara. Retrieved on December 25. From http://www. amazon. com/Gorilla-My-Love-Vintage/dp/0679738983 †¢ African American Literature. Retrieved on December 25. From

Political Philosophy and United States Essay

1. 1 Trace the origins of American government What is a democracy? How does a democracy differ from other forms of government in both practical and theoretical terms? What requirements must be met for a government to be called a democracy? Which of the democratic ideals do you foresee as not being achieved in Iraq, and why? Will Iraq still be considered a democracy without this ideal? From the other forms of government mentioned in this chapter, argue for a better form of government for Iraq than a democracy. 1. 2 Show how European political thought provided the theoretical foundations of American government. 1 Can socialism coexist with democracy? Is extensive economic freedom essential to democracy? Can the unequal economic outcomes of capitalism be considered â€Å"undemocratic†? In his 1651 Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes observed that without government, life would be â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. † Justify his argument. With this justification, justify the existence of government as it presently operates in the United States today. What demographic and socioeconomic factors do you think are related to democracy? Wealth? Education? A homogeneous population? Can you find countries that don’t meet your expectations? Does democracy require equality of income and wealth? Does majority rule undermine freedom and threaten individual rights? What was James Madison’s view, and what is your reaction? 1. 3 Describe American political culture, and identify the basic tenets of American democracy 1 Discuss the theories of elitism and pluralism as explanations of how American government works. Harold Lasswell’s book, Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How, can be seen as associated with the often-made statement â€Å"It’s not what you know, but who you know. † How do the two different statements relate to each other, as well as to present-day political realities? Americans often possess a healthy cynicism of government, whether large or small. Identify the reasons for such beliefs and how government should attempt to address these. Can a few elite decision makers control all important decisions made in the United States today? Some leaders are made by climbing the â€Å"ladder of success† rather than being born into power classes. How does this approach compare to â€Å"elitism† versus the approach defined as â€Å"pluralism†? How does democracy in America compare to democracy in other parts of the world? What are the most important sources of stability in American government? What are the most important forces for change in American government? Suppose the United States passed a constitutional amendment requiring all eligible citizens to vote, what would be the advantages and disadvantages of this measure? Do you agree with the statement, â€Å"Equality, individualism, and openness are the crucial values of American politics in the twenty-first century†? Although there is widespread support for the concepts of freedom and liberty in America, there have been many intrusions into basic rights in American history. Can you explain why we find such discrepancies in an area where we also find almost complete public support for the general principle? 1. 4 Explain the functions of American government 1 What are some of the goals of terrorist acts? How can terrorism affect the paradox of democracy? How can/should democracies respond? Must security come at the price of liberties? How can democracies, particularly the United States, deal with new restrictions imposed as a result of terrorist acts/threats? Identify the roles of government and the concept of â€Å"public goods. † Are there any other institutions, other than government, which might be charged with performing the roles of government? Is such a consideration realistic? What can individual American citizens do to influence the actions and policies of their government? Name some ways in which government policies influences your normal work/school day. Study the statements of President George Bush on the need to encourage the spread of democracy in the Middle East. Is this a good goal for the United States? Is it a practical goal? 1. 5 Analyze the changing characteristics of the American public. 1 Define and discuss politics in the business setting, the health-care setting, and the educational institution setting. What are the similarities and differences between politics in government and in the identified settings? Discuss the argument that most of American life is organized in anti-democratic fashion. In the family, the school, the factory, the office, and the church, decisions are made by the powerful, without much concern for majority opinion. Discuss ways whereby more Americans would be more likely to participate in U. S. political life. Use the beginning of the twenty-first century to stimulate your thinking about how should we be governed. What are the strengths of our democracy in the new millennium? Our weaknesses? Why? And what should we do about them? Today’s Americans often question the â€Å"American Dream. † What is the American Dream and how could you go about proving that the Dream is still alive or that the Dream is dying? What types of evidence would you need and where might you find it? Discuss the idea that if more citizens could attend college, then democracy would be strengthened in America. Is this assumption true or not and why? Given the remarkable diversity in America, how is the country able to function as smoothly as it does? Does this diversity threaten to make the country less governable now than in the past? 1. 6 Assess the role of political ideology in shaping American politics 1 Think about the role and size of government as central to contemporary American politics. Is the scope of government too broad, too narrow, or just about right? Discuss, using contemporary examples, what is meant by government being â€Å"too big. † Do you disagree with what â€Å"too big† is? Why? Why don’t Americans divide themselves into social classes? Why hasn’t the Communist Party caught on in America? What are both the weaknesses and strengths of â€Å"direct democracy†? Assume that millions of American televisions could be hooked up to a centralized computer system that in turn could register instantaneously the public’s views on issues (â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† responses). Would this be a plus or minus for American democracy? 1. 7 Characterize changes in Americans’ attitudes toward and expectations of government. 1 Periodically, civil disobedience has been used to reform government processes, procedures, and even law. In the light of often-identified needs of society, what subjects today appear to justify civil disobedience? Today, large proportions of Americans believe that most or all politicians are corrupt, that government serves the interest of the few, and that government is dominated by the wealthy and powerful. Evaluate these statements. Discuss whether or not the tragic events of September 11, 2001 changed the increasingly detached behavior of Americans. Do you feel the events of September 11, 2001 changed the way Americans view immigrants and/or foreign visitors/tourists? Should English be the official language of the United States, and should all governmental business be conducted in English? Why, or why not? Discuss what could be done, either by the media or by politicians themselves, to refurbish the image of elected officials today vis-a-vis the public. How can the idea of politics as â€Å"an honorable profession† be inculcated, perhaps even in contemporary American youth?

Creative Concept Essay

I. TIME CONTEXT The case is analyzed when problems affecting the company’s operation took place, inventory cost rises, and lead time for manufacturing custom and standard product line increases. It was then that Thomas decided that it’s about time to take a careful look at the overall impact the new standard furniture line is having on his operation. II. POINT OF VIEW Chad’s Creative Concept started with a good vision of producing custom-made wooden furniture for vacation cabins bringing â€Å"a bit of outdoors inside†. Gaining popularity, evidenced by the increasing demand for their products,  they’ve proven themselves and earned the trust of their clients with subtle and elusive tastes. Opportunity came for the company to venture into the production of a more standard line of furniture. This endeavour could have been great but such affected the company’s operations, marketing and finances. Alterations could have been done in the overall manufacturing process of the company or conducting a marketing analysis could provide insights and working out the marketing segmentation on the potential demand for the standard line products. Most likely, the company was not that much ready to embark on this new line of furniture making in terms of their managing their resources and making the most out of them. Consequently, problems arose and if this situation will continue, additional investment in product cycle will be low or even zero at some point of time. If this will not be given much attention and proper solution will make matters worse. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Enumerated below are the problems identified in the case of Chad’s Creative Concepts. How did producing standard furniture affect Chad’s Creative Concept’s operations and its financial gain? How can the company operations or slow manufacturing process be improved to cater market demand for both furniture lines? What can the management do to reduce production costs while upholding customer satisfaction? IV. OBJECTIVES The following are the objectives the case proponent would like to achieve in order the address the problems faced by Chad’s Creative Concept. To ascertain the operational and financial effects of manufacturing standard furniture. To determine ways on how to improve company operations to cope with the increasingly steady demand for standard and custom-made furniture. To decrease production cost without sacrificing product quality and customer satisfaction. V. AREAS OF CONSIDERATION A. SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTHS: The company began by producing custom-made furniture and in a short period established a stable reputation for creative designs and high-quality workmanship. Growth of sales led into the production of a more standard line of furniture. Can offer products at the lowest possible price with utmost customer satisfaction. Producing custom and standard furniture offer customers with more choices. WEAKNESSES: Single manufacturing process for both standard and custom furniture. Processing time on the same equipment and craftspeople are shared in manufacturing custom and standard furniture. The holding cost of the company is increasing with dollars tied up in inventory, both of raw materials and work in process. OPPORTUNITIES: Good reputation yields custom furniture sales to be strong and steady sales growth for standard line furniture. THREATS: Customer demands lowest possible cost with maximum satisfaction, in terms of product quality and delivery requirements. Custom furniture is prioritized in making schedules because of its high sales and profit margin causes delay of finishing standard furniture. Costs associated with standard furniture line are increasing. Expensive storage or warehousing cost. Increasing lead time for both custom and standard orders causing longer promised delivery times. Capacity is at its peak providing no space left for expansion.VI. ALTERNATIVE COURSES OF ACTION In order to address the issues faced by the management of Chad’s Creative Concept the following alternative courses of action may be implemented: 1.Relocation of warehouse to an economical and cost saving location. 2.Recruitment of additional staffs e.g., craftsman. By doing so, both  product lines will not compete for the same craftspeople. 3.Encourage existing staffs for overtime in order to reduce delay in manufacturing products, by providing night differential fees and hazard fees. 4.Given that both manufacturing lines are in demand, business capacity maybe enlarged by enabling more facilities to accommodate processing of both product lines. 5. Employ inventory management. This includes developing a forecasting technique about product demand and making right layout and work flow process. Make scheduling decisions, entails how much to produce, to make sure there are not so many raw materials as work in progress status. VII. DECISION CRITERIA The following criteria were used to evaluate the suitability of alternatives recommended in making the decision: Maintain customer satisfaction and company reputation. It is important to note that decision must be based on this rationale because the longevity of a business may be determined by the patronage of its satisfied clients. Chad’s Creative Concept best marketing strategy is the quality furniture they produce for both product lines. Moreover, customers of standard furniture line imposed more stringent delivery requirements, increased lead time for both product lines causes longer agreed delivery times which may garner dissatisfied customers and tarnish company reputation. Improve or at least maintain profitability. Finance and accounting disclosed that profits are declining because of costs congruent with the standard furniture line. Priority given to custom furniture line delayed the generation of revenue for standard furniture line. A company even with a good reputation may not stay in the business if its sales can’t support company operation and administrative expenses. Reduction of cost through proper management of resources such as time, inventory and manpower, will increase profit margin. Hence, it is important at this point to base decisions on this criterion. VIII. DECISION ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE PROS / ADVANTAGES CONS / DISADVANTAGES 1 Relocation of warehouse with a cheaper rental fee will lessen costs and increase profitability. May incur relocation cost. Since new warehouse is cheaper it may not be that big to accommodate raw materials and inventories. 2 Can manufacture more products and accommodate market demand for both lines and deliver the products on time maintaining client satisfaction. Thus, increasing sales and profit margin. Increase in salaries expense decreases profit margin. May spent time for training new recruits. Learning curve may be lower as they start off. 3 Can increase number of finished products and increases sales. Quality of work may suffer. Employees may get exhausted for working overtime and tend to finish it at a shorter time than usual. Increase salaries expense and decrease profit margin. 4 Can speed up processing time since both lines will not compete for the same equipment. Hence, sales will be increased. Increase asset – capital investment. There is no space left in the plant for expansion. Manpower should also be increased to operate new facilities which increase salaries expense and decrease profit margin. 5 Conceptualisation of right layout and work flow process suitable for both lines would expedite production process. Developing forecasting techniques in understanding demand of products will facilitate timing of procurement of raw materials ex. Just-in-Time Strategy which avoids too much investment on hanging raw materials and work in process inventory. Hiring experts for making the right lay-out and for developing forecast will incur professional fees thus, increasing expenses or costs. IX. DECISION Based on the information presented in the case of Chad’s Creative Concept, the case proponent would like to recommend that alternative no. 5 which entails inventory management address best the problems enumerated above and matches the criteria specified. Hiring an expert who will conceptualize right lay-out for work flow process will speed up manufacturing procedure and configure standard and customized so to reduce setup and changeover time and cope with the demands. Hence, delivery requirement will be met and customers will be satisfied in consideration of preserving company reputation. Moreover, results of forecast will be useful in the timing of procuring raw materials to avoid unnecessary expenditures such as holding cost which will boost up profits. As disclosed in the case, the plant capacity is at its full, plant has no space left for an expansion, and costs associated with the standard line are rising because there is no active sale and the inventory is increasing in the form of raw material and work in process which is holding the investments of the company. It is recommended that the JIT system should be used. Just in Time (JIT) is an inventory strategy companies employ to increase efficiency and decrease waste by receiving goods only as they are needed in the production process, thereby reducing inventory costs which at this point is what the company needs. This inventory supply system represents a shift away from the older â€Å"just in case† strategy, used by Chad’s Creative Concept, where producers carried large inventories in case higher demand had to be met. Though hiring experts will incur cost still the â€Å"benefits exceed costs†. Bearing in mind this principle will further company success and the going concern of the business. X. STRATEGY OF IMPLEMENTATION In implementing the decision the following should be done: Lay-out current manufacturing process. Hire experts who will make the forecasts techniques in understanding demand and conceptualise the layout and work flow process appropriate for both product lines. Lay-out developed should undergo dry run if it would accelerate manufacturing process and achieve the product quality desired. Such as: Product layout for standard line product, usually used for large volume products. Process layout for custom products is used when there are  diversified products using broad-spectrum operations, varying volumes and varying rate of output. Properly laid out factory can ensure the smooth and rapid movement of materials, from the raw material stage to the end product stage. In implementing the new inventory strategy, Just in Time system, supply chain should be adequate and would match demand projected.

Organizational Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational Impact - Essay Example The company uses a more qualitative approach, which does not require much data collection from without the organization but from within it. In such cases, in-house leaders such as departmental heads and managers are made to present reports and memos on the current strategic positions of their departments. Most often than not, these reports and memos are not used in isolation but linked to the quantitative data collection to authenticate the claims of the in-house leaders from the perspective of the outside world. At other times, the qualitative evaluation is simplified so much so that leaders of the organization merely make productive inferences of the output of work within the organization. This is to say that the leaders measure the impact of innovation, design, and creativity on strategy by measuring the change in productivity and growth. Zenger and Folkman justify this approach by saying that wherever there is innovation, design, and creativity, there ought to be growth and devel opment. Therefore where there is growth, it can simply be assumed that strategies in place are adequately working in a manner that is most justifiable. The consideration of processes and products at Wal-Mart is another important practice that the leadership of the organization has been constantly involved in. The rationale to emphasizing on processes and services is that they help in determining levels of customer satisfaction and aid in ensuring that the company serves customers in a manner that is most desirable and meets the expectations of customers.

Mulitcultralism and how it affects education Essay

Mulitcultralism and how it affects education - Essay Example Culture shapes human behavior, attitudes, and values. Human behavior results from a process of socialization, and socialization always takes place within the context of specific cultural and ethnic environments. A person's humanity cannot be isolated or divorced from his or her culture or ethnicity. One cannot be human without culture and ethnicity, and one cannot have culture and ethnicity without being human. Now multiculturism becomes the focus point for educators and policy makers to be included and becomes necessity to include it in their planning process itself. In the shrinking world where different nationalities interacting with each other on the regular basis and people are moving freely within the world, education become the central point of interaction between them. People are moving outside world for education only. So people having different language, set of ethos and social value to attitude as well as behavior interacts with each other simply affects the education. Eac h & every Govt. and Educators have to take care of these change and multiculturism phenomenon and understanding has to be included in the curriculum itself. Now multiculturism becomes part of the education system as a whole and a whole lot of theories of multicultural education is being shown us the further path for educational development and research. Schools are microcosms of mainstream society (LaBelle, 1976). In their procedural norms, codes of behavior, structural arrangements, and distribution of power, privilege, and responsibility, they mirror Anglo centric cultural values. Just as classroom teachers, school administrators, and policymakers carry their cultural experiences and perspectives into their educational decisions and actions, students from various ethnic and cultural backgrounds do likewise in their learning attitudes and behaviors (Gay, 1994). Teaching about cultural pluralism is the most traditional and common approach. It is primarily content centered, with an emphasis on developing units of instruction (lessons, modules, courses) about the history, heritage, contributions, and social issues of ethnic groups. These units may be designed to be included in any school subject, but most often appear in social studies, language arts, and fine arts. Another manifestation of this approach is analyzing textbooks and other instructional materials for their treatment of people of color and revising them when necessary to increase their accuracy and overall representation of cultural diversity. Multicultural education means different things to different people. Multicultural education relates to education and instruction designed for the cultures of several different races man education system. This approach to teaching and learning is based upon consensus building, respect and fostering cultural pluralism within racial societies. Multicultural education acknowledges and incorporates positive racial idiosyncrasies into classroom atmospheres (Tisdell, 1995). Multiculturism affects specifically the learning environment. A particular classroom, including the instructor or facilitator and the learners in a specific learning situation, constitutes the learning environment in this sense. Of course the specific learning environm

Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Example yzed the effects that the U.S economy which is on the verge of and perhaps already in outright recession will have in the general performance of the world economies but particularly to countries with which it trades with heavily such as the economies of Canada, Mexico, Caribbean among others. A U.S recession in 2008 will have a negative effect on real GDP growth of the rest of the world. This will be especially so, in Mexico and Canada. In other countries which would otherwise be threatened by a U.S recession, measures including easing of monetary and fiscal policy would cushion them from the effects, however it is still yet early to undertake any of the macroeconomic measures as a recession in the U.S is still just a prospect. Some countries, such as Australia, china and Sweden have already taken steps to curb any possibility of inflation, they have tightened their monetary policies. However, other countries such as Canada and the United Kingdom have eased their monetary policies in response to their weakening economic growth. Most countries and currencies such as the Euro and the Yen have appreciated against the dollar. Whereas these economies to some extent are being affected by the financial turbulence in United States, with the euro zone economies already showing a slow growth, the appreciation of their currencies against the dollar impedes any chances of inflation. With Japan’s weakening exports to the United States couple with a decrease demand dampens any possibilities of an upsurge in GDP growth. China’s economy continues to grow at an increasing rate, however with a high growth rate comes the problem of inflation, therefore the authorities are being faced with the problem of inflation, and this is necessitating them to tighten their policies both monetary and fiscal. To do this, the best option is to appreciate their currency against the dollar and stimulate domestic demand, however their authorities are not willing to employ this measure. Real

Concept of Freedom in Samkhya and Yoga Philosophy Essay

Concept of Freedom in Samkhya and Yoga Philosophy - Essay Example Samkhya exists as one of the oldest and most prominent philosophies in India. Kapila, a great and eminent sage, founded this school. Two philosophical schools arose in India based on Upanishads. These included the Samkhya or realistic and the Vedanta or idealistic. The entire philosophy of Samkhya combines Yoga and Samkhya basic doctrines. However, Samkhya philosophy is representative of theory, while yoga is representative of practical or application aspects (Burley 23). The two have been characterized as practical and theoretical aspects of one system with Samkhya involving the theoretical background to Yoga’s more practical orientation. In this case, Yoga can be seen as a sub-school or branch of Samkhya because it inherits most concepts from Samkhya, although some scholars also argue that Samkhya and yoga have important conceptual and doctrinal differences (Burley 23). However, one of the concepts that the two share in common is freedom. This paper will seek to discuss the concept of freedom in Samkhya and Yoga.... While Samkhya practice has many similarities with classical yoga, samadhi is not a focus in Samkhya as far as freedom and liberation are concerned. However, both practices require asceticism for true freedom and liberation. Samkhya philosophy was essential in the formation of classical yoga and the two philosophies adopted, tested, borrowed, and discarded practices and ideas from one another until, eventually, there was a consistent model that came from each of the approaches with freedom being a central component of each (Burley 32). Samkhya has a dualism that is similar to ancient Jainism where all individuals had separate and unique jivas from other jivas, similar to the purusha in Samkhya that were also believed to be separate (Burley 35). Just like in ancient Jainism, classical yoga and Samkhya practice a form of fierce yoga that involves complete renunciation. However, renunciation by itself in Samkhya does not lead to true freedom from the grasp of Prakriti with discernment al so required. This discernment involves knowledge of the universe and its ways. However, this knowledge is not intellectual because intellect is still considered Prakriti. Discernment increases the ability to develop inner knowledge, which understands what is real and what is ephemeral, which separates the universes apparent from the true reality of the world. While discernment is achieved via reasoning, it also gives one the ability and will of renouncing what is not real, which is the beginning of freedom (Burley 35). The Upanishads from India tell of the soul, also referred to as the soul, which is, ultimately, one that has living and universal consciousness that is called Brahman or absolute. Brahman, which is the source of all that is alive, is

Australopithecines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Australopithecines - Essay Example Many changes in the physical environment contributed to the evolution of these early humans. Australopithecines comprise a genus of primitive hominids that resided in Eastern Africa about 4.2 million years ago. Many scientists think that some of the australopithecine species are direct ancestors to humans. Others believe that the Australopithecines represent a branch of hominids from which humans evolved, but are not directly related to humans. There several established taxonomic methods for classifying the australopithecines, but the four most frequently acknowledged species are Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus robustus, and Australopithecus boisei (Chardin). The species can be differentiated, because A. robustus and A. boisei have bigger bones and are more "robust" than A. afarensis and A.africanus (O'Neill). Most species of the Australopithecus were not any more adept at using tools than modern primates. But, Australopithecus garhi seems to have been the most sophisticated, because its remnants have been discovered near tools and slaughtered animal carcasses, which suggests the advent of a highly antediluvian tool conception. This caused many scientists to infer that A. garhi must be the predecessor of the Homo genus, even though recent deductions held that A. garhi was merely competition to the ancestral Homo species. The brains of most Australopithecus species were barely 35% the size of the modern human brain (Foley). Most species of Australopithecus were small and gracile in nature, often standing no more than 1.2 meters in height (Wikipedia). Fossil records seem to indicate that Australopithecus is the ancestor of a specific classification of hominids, known as Paranthropus, but are not direct ancestors of the genus Homo, which encompasses modern humans. Both the Paranthropus and Homo genera have proven to be more progressed in behavior and customs than the Australopithecus, which were hardly more than bipedal chimps. It is still widely accepted that only the descedants of Homo would go on to generate language and learn how to use fire. Though opinions certainly vary in regards to whether the species aethiopicus, boisei and robustus should be placed within the genus Australopithecus, the scientific community currently places them in the genus differ as to whether the species aethiopicus, boisei and robustus should be included within the genus Paranthropus. Paranthropus is thought to have originated from the Australopithecus lineage. Until recently, many scientists classified all Australopithecus species within a single genus. Paranthropus, because it was larger and more robust, was physically different from Australopithecus, and its superior anatomy implied that its behaviors might have been very different from that of its ancestor. The more diminutive and gracile forms such as Australopithecus africanus and Australopithecus afarensis are commonly assumed to be the closest relatives to humans. But, some studies have shown that Australopithecus africanus had a body shape more similar to that of the modern apes than t o the members of the genus Homo. Still, the gracile australopithecines are considered to be the earliest known true hominids, because australopithecines and humans are biologically similar enough to be classified in the family Hominidae (Nickels). Australopithecines

CMM-Media and Society - Discuss Pozner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CMM-Media and Society - Discuss Pozner - Essay Example Since women are called the jealous gender, they are also given the title of being untrustworthy. And all this is simply a result of television shows making up our minds for us. We regularly watch such shows where women are shown trying to steal other women’s boyfriends and husbands; where they are competing with their own gender and planning against them; where they are trying to harm other women and getting a weird kind of satisfaction through it. And the reason behind television portraying such a view of women is that these kinds of shows are more popular among those who have nothing better to do than pass time. Besides, it serves as comedy and entertainment shows for the less intellectuals. Again, it is mainly about ratings and where there is a catfight there will be bound to be an audience for it. Such has become the mentality of our people and the television takes full advantage of

Unit 7 Discussion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 Discussion - Research Paper Example If an economic crisis is experienced, then it is a sure thing that firms and corporations will opt for downsizing and in the process render people jobless. In turn, these people will settle on criminal activities. The third type of data that will be used is the rate of poverty. This statistic depicts the number of people living below the poverty line. They have no income, and engaging in criminal activities will be their only way of survival. The fourth type of data will involve the rate of economic growth. The rate of economic growth in a country indicates how the economy is performing. A positive economic growth means that industries that employ people are coming up. On the other hand, a negative economic growth, means that industries that used to employ people are being closed down, and as a result, people loss their jobs and resorting to crime. The final type of data will involve information regarding the crime perpetrators. Since employment is related to the economy, it will be important to research if the perpetrators were either employed or unemployed at the time they committed the criminal activities (Siegel,

Organisational Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisational Behaviour Essay Cognitive Intelligence (CI) and Emotional Intelligence (EI) are considered to be important individual differences in the field of organisational behaviour and there is a lot of research to support this statement. This essay will critically evaluate both concepts and discuss how cognitive ability and EI are applied in modern organisations. It is clear that CI and EI both have very different roles in the modern organisation and they assist in the prediction of success in both personal and professional sectors of ones life. It is important to understand the main difference being that CI implements the individuals mental function for understanding and developing a systematic prospective in thinking whilst EI is considered as the ability for one to make decisions through their emotional and social skills and their understanding and belief system. In modern day organisations there has been a clear shift towards operating in an emotionally intelligent way as this is proving to hold a key to a successful organisation. Cognitive Intelligence (CI) can be defined as The ability to learn new things, recall information, think rationally, apply knowledge and solve problems. (Kaplan Sadock, 1991). CI or commonly referred to cognitive ability was originally researched by Aristotle approximately 23 centuries ago, along with other workings of the mind and the effects on human experience. Many centuries later as psychological studies were advancing in Europe and America, many researchers contributed to the overall study of cognition. Cognition is often measured by the General Mental Ability (GMA), which looks at attention, memory, producing and understanding of language, decision making, learning, reasoning and problem solving. CI is one’s ability to process information, mental functions and processes thoughts and state of intelligence. It also consists of a large number of factors that relate to the way individuals perceive, interpret and respond to information. Emotional Intelligence (EI) â€Å"Ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while others claim it is an inborn characteristic.† (K Cherry, 2010). The original studies of EI were conducted by Edward Thorndike. Thorndike describes the concept of social intelligence â€Å"as the ability to get along†. Research continued to advance and in 1990 there was an article published by Peter Salovey and John Mayer â€Å"Emotional Intelligence† in the journal Imagination, Cognition and Personality. In this article they defined emotional intelligence as the the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions (1997). Salovey and Mayer identified four different factors of emotional intelligence; the perception of emotion, the ability reason using emotions, the ability to understand emotion and the ability to manage emotions. According to Salovey and Mayer, the four branches of their model are, arranged from more basic psychological processes to higher, more psychologically integrated processes. For example, the lowest level branch concerns the (relatively) simple abilities of perceiving and expressing emotion. In contrast, the highest level branch concerns the conscious, reflective regulation of emotion (1997). Cognitive ability testing has been used in organisations for over 80 years in employee screening. CI is assessed by psychometric testing and can predict some life outcomes, such as educational level, adult income and health related behaviours and it has a strong link to predicting job performance. There is general agreement that GMA cognitive ability testing should vary for different jobs in different environments. The strengths of CI in a modern organisation are still similar to what they were 80 years ago. (Viswesvaran, C. Ones, D.S. 2002). In recent years there has been a strong renewed interest towards GMA studies in the workplace. GMA has been linked to a study which concludes risky or criminal behaviours or the ability to use public transport, are more likely to be linked to people with lower GMA scores. There is also evidence presented indicating that GMA predicts performance within jobs and occupations (Schmidt Hunter, 2004). GMA testing during the hiring process of new employee can assist with evaluating if the applicant has the skills for the role. GMA is viewed as important for academic performance, during educational years though has little impact on performance in real world performances (Schmidt Hunter, 2004). CI and EI both have their own strengths and weaknes ses within a modern organisation. There are growing bodies of research which demonstrate that EI is a better predictor of success than traditional measures of cognitive ability. The workplace is an ideal environment for people to develop their social and emotional skills, as individuals are motivated to develop those capabilities in pursuit of success and promotion. The concept is equally important to employers, as their bottom-line productivity results can rest on the emotional intelligence of the whole organisation. When executives and employees work to improve capabilities in areas in which they are weakest, it benefits the entire organisation, improving communication and increasing productivity. Research indicates that individuals with high level of CI are required to have high level of EI and individuals with low level of CI are required to have low level of EI. CI and EI are different constructs, because they show the specialty of common intelligence in different content domains (Deary, Der Ford, 2001). Some of the strengths of EI in organisations indicate a strong correlation between EI and individual job performance. By emphasising EI in the hiring process, teambuilding and training programs, management and human resources professionals can improve decision making, problem solving and the ability to cope with change among their employees. Emotionally intelligent organisations maximise their potential for business success and increase productivity as people in these organisations are seen to share an increased connection. Organisations can evaluate EI and can predict job performance and satisfaction. This can create a blueprint for improving individual performance and increasing the productivity. It is also an important measure used in developing people, succession planning, learning and development and leadership development. Some of the limitations of CI is that it is often only effective when one is working alone. The most significant limitation of the CI is not being capable to grab the other feeling and recognise how emotions of others are impacting the situation. It is viewed that various individuals with great cognitive intelligence often perform poorly in relationships due to having low emotional intelligence (Brackett Mayer, 2003). This can be seen as a massive limitation in the modern work place as there is such a high influence on team working environments and collaboration is a vital part of most work places. Some of the limitations or consequences for neglect of emotional intelligence in an organisation can be devastating to productivity and bottom-line business results. Breakdowns in internal communication can produce confusion, uncertainty, hostility and reduced productivity are just a few of the factors organisations face if they do not actively pursue a strategy of fostering emotional intelligence in the workplace. Successful organisations today strive to reap the benefits of becoming more emotionally intelligent, improving performance of employees and executives, building strong teams and driving productivity. An example of CI being applied in modern organisations is a study undertaken by Lindbery and Berger. Where initially developed in organisations with product-focused, repetitive processes and often high standardisation of products and processes such as factories or financial institutions, Lindberg and Berger (1997) have studied a number of Swedish organisations eg Ikea and discovered the applicability of CI with a relatively low degree of standardisation of products and processes. These companies had successfully integrated CI into work teams and seen a positive result. Cognitive Intelligence can be applied in the modern organisation with the help of on the job training and training in real situations because it increases with the help of knowledge of procedures, facts and rules and applicable to efficient cooperating, endorsing and helping the organisation (Attwood, 2007). Historically, leaders in most organisations have neglected emotions in the workplace. In modern organisations, EI is very much a part of workplace success. How individuals and particularly mangers respond to real situations each and every day and what organisations do to grow productive emotional responses can make the difference between the organisation that fails and the organisation that excels. The effects of emotionally ignorant organisations can lead to a destructive environment and may result in poor business results and low employee engagement and productivity. The role of emotional intelligence in organisations in recent years through research has become the chosen measure verse cognitive intelligence in employee selection. Research indicates that generally job applicants find psychological testing to be somewhat invasive and, at times, offensive, employers are more likely to conduct testing to measure emotional intelligence. EI is better forecaster of the success as compared to the traditional cognitive intelligence measures (Trinidad Johnson, 2002). The EI tests create a profile of an individual’s emotional intelligence, showing both areas of strength and weakness. Individuals can use this information to develop areas in need of improvement. Organisations can use these profiles to show whether a potential hire would make a good addition to the team or expose traits in existing employees in need of enhancement through training or incentive programs. An action plan can be developed once an individual or organisation has this information, supporting growth in desired areas. When employees and executives work to enhance abilities in areas where they are weak, it helps the whole organisation, enhancing communication and improving productivity. Lend Lease is a company which requires many of this employees to have cognitive ability in many forms and an example of this would be an engineer. It is important that their CI is tested and measured on a daily basis because if an employee lacked CI they would be unable to perform their role. This employee also requires a high degree of EI as they will constantly be working in a team environment and liaising with internal and external stakeholders. If the individual lacked in either CI or EI they wouldn’t have the ability to do their job. It can be said that EI has become the crucial part and helps the leaders in meeting the challenges they experience. In other words, cognitive intelligence considered as most difficult human mind property and may be evaluated only by itself. In general, workplace considered as the ideal surrounding for the people to form their emotional and social skills, as people are encouraged to form those abilities in search of promotion and success. Emotional Intelligence concentrates on capabilities and ones reactions to situations. Though they both clearly have their places in modern organisations, there is a very definitive movement towards enhancing the employees EI to ensure that it aligns with the organisations EI strategy. This is now seen as a key performance indicator to a successful organisations. Reference List Brackett Mayer, 2003. Positive Psychology: Emotional Intelligence. Discovering human strengths: Page 129 Cherniss, C. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Toward clarification of a concept. Industrial and Organisational Psychology, 3, 110-126. Deary, Der Ford, 2001. Reactive detachment disorder. Encyclopedia of Special Education Volume 3: Page 1676 Kaplan B. J. Sadock (1991). Synopsis of Psychiatry (6th Ed.). Baltimore : Williams Wilkins. Kendra Cherry, (2010). The Everything Psychology Book (2nd Ed.).Massachusetts : Adams Media. Lindberg and Berger, 1997. Managing Innovation and Change: Page 71 Mayer J.D. Salovey P. (1997). What is Emotional Intelligence. New York : Basic Books Peter Salovey, Marc A. Brackett, John D. Mayer, (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Key Readings on the Mayer Salovey Model. New York : NPRinc. Roberts, R. D., Matthews, G., Zeinder, M. (2010). Emotional intelligence: Muddling through theory and measurement. Industrial and Ogranisational Psychology, 3, 140-144 Schmidt, F.L., Hunter, J. (2004). General mental ability in the world of work: Occupational attainment and job performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86 (1), 162-173. Trinidad Johnson, 2002. Assessing Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Research, and Applications: Emotional Intelligence Physical Health Page 203 Viswesvaran, C. Ones, D.S. (2002). Agreements and disagreements on the role of general mental ability (GMA) in industrial, work and organisational psychology. Human Performance, 15 (1/2): 211-231.

Outline and evaluate behavioural therapies to treat mental disorders Essay Example for Free

Outline and evaluate behavioural therapies to treat mental disorders Essay Because of the nature of the behavioural model which measure specific behaviours in precise terms such as how many times a negative behaviour is performed, improvements can be accurately measured. Which in turn means therapies effectiveness can also be measured. The classical conditioning therapies have been proved to be effective by Wolpe who found an 80-90% success rate with these therapies. Barlow and Lehmen also found a success rate of 77% following treatment. However medication can interfere with systematic desensitization because medication suppresses anxiety. Operant conditioning is also based on scientific principals proven to be effective by Azrin who examined female patients in a mental hospital who were incapable of doing everyday tasks. Using token economies, positive behaviour in these women increased. However studies looking at children and students by Lepper and Deci also found that rewarding intrinsic interests actually reduces behaviour. A strength of the classical conditioning therapies is that the patients have a high level of control. In token economies however patients have very little control over their therapies. This raises ethical issues as informed consent is not achieved for token economies, instead they are enforced with or without the patients consent. Token economies are also open to abuse and can be deemed as a form of social control. Classical conditioning therapies also raise ethical issues in terms of putting their patients at risk of emotional harm. Other problems with classical conditioning therapies include the fact that some patients may not have a vivid enough imagination for flooding, and social desensitization may be difficult to arrange and control, whereas token economies are practical as they can be done anywhere. A problem with token economies though, is that changes are due to external rewards and not an innate desire to change and so if the rewards are removed the positive behaviour may cease. Finally debate will also continue whether the treatments provided by the behavioural model only treat the symptoms and not the causes, and if only the symptoms are treated, does it matter?

The Pollution Of The River Gomti Environmental Sciences Essay

The Pollution Of The River Gomti Environmental Sciences Essay The city of Lucknow has come up on the banks of the river Gomti. The rivers significance has been time and again stated in various historical annals, which essentially point out the manner in which the city in its early days was dependent on the Gomti. The early nawabs used had built palaces on the banks of the Gomti, with water from the river being brought into the palaces for both sanitary as well as aesthetic purposes.  [3]  These palaces had bathrooms as well as toilets with proper sewage disposal mechanisms to ensure that the water post use was taken out of the palace and left back in the Gomti.  [4]   The river provided for the arts of various craftsmen to thrive.  [5]  The water from the river was utilized by various people who practiced the art of dying cloth. The water, once the dying process was over, was let back into the river.  [6]   When the British came to Lucknow, they constructed the company cantonment, called the Residency, four miles north of the Gomti.  [7]  Here too, the river played an important role in providing water to the British by means of a system of canals that they had constructed for their purposes.  [8]   The river for the masses had always been an important asset. Besides being a source of water, it provided them with employment as well. Agriculture thrived along the banks of the river.  [9]  Fishing too was an important source of income, which was nurtured by the river.  [10]   Over the years, a lot about the city as well as the river that nurtured it has changed. The British as well as the Nawabs have long left and have been replaced by various factories as well as the innumerable people who now call Lucknow home. The river that once was the life line of the city now carries its waste and sludge. The residents solid wastes gets dumped into the river, and in light of the poor implementation of the law, the manufacturing units present in the city use the river to discharge their affluent. The river water hence has been rendered unsuitable for consumption. The aquatic life that once existed too now has perished as a result of the raised levels of pollution. 1.2 Research Methodology For the purposes of this research paper the researcher has utilized the doctrinal, as well as the empirical method of research. In order to achieve the aims and objectives of this research paper, the researcher needed not only understand how pollutants in the river water have a detrimental effect on the quality of the water, but also needed to study the existing legal framework to see if those specific concerns had been catered to in the legislations. Furthermore, the author had to empirically access the levels of pollution in the river waters of Gomti in order to determine whether the pollutants were being controlled or not by the respective agencies. In addition to this, numerous newspaper reports and government documents from the Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board  [11]  have been used. Various sources form the world wide web too were utilized for research purposes. 1.3 Aims and Objectives The aim of this research paper is to portray the levels of pollution in the river Gomti and thus determine the effects of pollution on the river. The objective of this research paper is to determine if the legal framework is well suited to ensure that the pollution levels be curbed or if there is any lax in the normative structure of the law. 1.4 Scope and Limitation The scope of this research paper revolves around the pollution that has been caused by the industrial activity in and around the city of Lucknow and the manner in which the same has polluted the river. The scope of this research paper also envisages a brief perusal of the legal norms governing the environment and its protection in India. This scope is limited to the legal situation that exists in India. In addition to this, the scope of this research paper is restricted to the River Gomti alone and no other river that flows in the region. Necessary references to highlight the comparative levels of pollution have been made in paper where necessary. 2.0 The Law for the Protection of Water Bodies 2.1 The Water (Prevention And Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 In 1974, the Central Legislature decide to enact the Water Act. This Act aimed at the prevention and control of water pollution and at the maintenance or restoration of the wholesomeness of water bodies in India.  [12]  The Act envisaged this by means of the establishment of Central  [13]  and State Boards  [14]  . The main function of the central boards is to ensure that the water bodies do not in any manner incur any degradation.  [15]  They work towards the maintenance of aquatic ecosystems across the States. For the fulfillment of the said objective, they not only coordinate the activities of the State Board but also ensure that adequate assistance is provided to the State boards whenever necessary. The Central Boards are also provide technical information to the State Boards whenever the same is asked for by the latter. The Central Board for the purposes of furthering environmental causes may recognize laboratories so as to enable them to analyze water samples form the various parts of the country.  [16]  The State Board on the other hand is responsible for planning a comprehensive program for the prevention of pollution in the State. It is suppose to work in conformity with the Central Board for the attainment of its predetermined objectives.  [17]   As per the legislation, the authorities have the right to enter any industrial establishment and take samples of the chemicals that are being released into the water bodies in order to determine whether or not they are toxic and therefore ought to be treated before they are released.  [18]  Furthermore, if the agency cannot gather the chemicals, it can collect the samples from the water that is being released in order to determine the levels of toxicity.  [19]  Subsequently, the Board can approach a court of law to enforce the prescribed penalty.  [20]   In cases where, the culprit is a company, then the board also withholds the power to pierce the corporate veil and determine whose commission or omission is responsible for the release of the pollutants into the water body.  [21]  Similarly, if the culprit is a Government entity, then in that case, the Head of the Department of that Government entity shall be deemed to be responsible for the pollution caused.  [22]   In addition to the Water Act, 1974, there are various provisions in the Constitution of India such as the Article 48A that talks about the protection of the environment.  [23]  Similarly, the municipalities  [24]  as well as the panchayats  [25]  too have been enabled to take steps for the preservation of the ecosystem. 2.2 Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 . These rules essentially provide the manner in which Hazardous wastes are to be handled and disposed of by the any industry or body that is emitting the same. These Rules were brought in pursuant to powers conferred by Sections 6,8 and 25 of the Environment(Protection) Act, 1986(29 of 1986) on the Central Government to make rules.  [26]   These Rules have specific schedules that mention the quantity of heavy metals that are permissible to be released into any water body.  [27]  In addition to this, the Rules also provide for the responsibility of the occupier and the operator of a facility in regards the release of affluent into water bodies.  [28]  The rules mandate that hazardous waste be packaged, labeled and transported to specific dumping sites.  [29]  These disposal sites too have been specifically provided for in the rules.  [30]   2.3 Cases on River Water Pollution in India 2.3.1 Tirupur Dyeing Factory Owners Association v. Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association and Ors. , Civil Appeal No. 6776 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 6963 of 2007) and Civil Appeal No. 6777 of 2009 (Arising out of Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 28296 of 2008) as Decided On 06.10.2009 (Not Cited Yet) Public Interest Litigation was filed by the Noyyal River Ayacutdars Protection Association, a registered Association for seeking directions for preservation of ecology and for keeping the Noyyal river in Tamil Nadu free from pollution.  [31]  According to this Association, a large number of industries, some of them respondents before the writ court and appellants herein had indulged in dyeing and bleaching works at Tirupur area and discharging the industrial effluents into the Noyyal river which had caused water pollution to the extent, that the water of the river was neither fit for irrigation nor potable. The pollution also adversely affected the Orthapalayam reservoir and other tanks and channels of the said river.  [32]   The court held in this case that the polluting Association cannot escape the responsibility to meet out the expenses of reversing the ecology.  [33]  They were bound to meet the expenses of removing the sludge of the river and also for cleaning the dam.  [34]  The principles of polluters-pay and precautionary principle in this case have been read with the doctrine of sustainable development.  [35]  In light of this reading it became the responsibility of the members of the Association that they carry out their industrial activities without polluting the water.  [36]   2.3.2 U.P. Pollution Control Board v. Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Anr, (2009)2SCC147 M/s Modi Carpets Ltd., Raebareli had been releasing affluent and sludge into a nearly water body and the same had been happening for a very long time. The court in this regard after looking at the facts and circumstances of the case came to the conclusion that the pollution that was being caused was the responsibility of this said establishment and held them liable for the damage caused to the environment.  [37]   2.3.3 Pondicherry Paper Limited v. Central Board for Prevention and Control of Pollution, Cri. M.P. No. 4662 4663 of 1978 Madras High Court Pondicherry Paper Limited had been releasing various chemicals intro a nearby water body. This had caused a lot of damage to the environment and the water in which the chemicals were being dumped was now not suitable for any form of usage.  [38]  The court in this case under Section 33 of the Water Act, gave an injunction to prevent further water pollution.  [39]   2.3.4 Narula Dyeing and Printing Works v. Union of India, AIR 1995 Guj 185 In this case the Dyeing Unit had not set up any treatment plant and had been functioning for a very long time. During the years of its functioning, it had been releasing the chemicals that it had been using in the Khalicut Canal. When the matter was brought to the cognizance of the court, they not only issued an injunction on this unit but also called for the payment of heavy damages.  [40]   3.0 The Condition of the Gomti Today The condition of the river Gomti has been depleting day be day. The waters of the river have been used by the residents of the city as a dumping ground for household garbage. The Times of India on the 16th of September, 2008 ran an article that brought this pathetic condition to the fore.  [41]  With the receding waters of the river, for the first time, the Lucknow Municipals Corporation came to know the amount of polythene that had been dumped in the river. The polythene had subsequently managed to reach the sewage treatment plant at Daulatganj, the sole sewage treatment plant in Lucknow on the Gomti. As a result of this, the plant was chocked and could not process the wastes. Consequently, untreated water had been flowing into the river Gomti causing the depletion of the aquatic environment as well as the marine life that exists there.  [42]   The treatment plant at Daulatganj receives 303 Million liters per Day of sewage.  [43]  When toxic substances enter a body of water, they get dissolved in the water and cause the oxygen levels in the water to deplete. On numerous occasions, the pollutants in the water remain suspended or get deposited at the bottom of the river. The resulting water pollution causes the quality of the water to deteriorate and affects aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and effect groundwater deposits.  [44]   Lucknows sewage and industrial wastes that are discharged into the Gomti have had a similar effect. Studies have shown that the amount of dissolved oxygen in the river has constantly been reduced with the raised levels of pollution. It is an accepted scientific fact that aquatic life cannot exist in waters where the level of dissolved oxygen is below 4 Mg / liter.  [45]  A study of the levels of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the Gomti has shown that the condition has been made critical because of the dumping of sewage and other pollutants. In 2008, the level of dissolved oxygen was calculated by the UPPCB to be 1.2658 Mg / Liter  [46]  causing large scale deaths of fish and other marine life forms.  [47]  In addition to this, micro organisms that thrive in highly alkaline waters that are unsuitable for the habitation of fishes and other aquatic beings too were found, which further corroborate the high toxicity levels of the waters of the Gomti.  [48]   Besides sewage being dumped in the river, municipal waste  [49]  as well as the animal carcasses too are left by the banks of the Gomti  [50]  . The dumping of municipal wastes along the river over a large period of time has caused the chemical composition of the soil as well as the water to change. As the toxic chemicals present in the waste percolates down the soil, it chemically reacts with the soil to alter its chemical nature and composition permanently.  [51]   The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute  [52]  had conducted a survey along the River Gomti in order to determine the levels of toxicity in the river water as well as the sediments along the banks. They concluded that the levels of heavy metals, found not only in the river but also in the sediments were raised above normal. The water contained 0.0276 mg / L of lead which was considerably above the optimal limit. Similarly, the levels of Cadmium and Copper too were substantially raised.  [53]   The study of the sediments found along the banks too narrated a similar story. The levels of Iron, Magnesium, Manganese and Cadmium had been raised alarmingly due to the continued disposal of toxic waste along the banks. Iron was found to be at a high of 739.43 m grams / gram. Similarly, in every gram of sediments collected, NEERI found 7.9 m grams of Cadmium.  [54]   It is thus evident from the raised levels of these heavy metals that the river water as well as the area surrounding it is highly toxic. The origin of these heavy metals has conclusively been determined as the waste products that have been dumped in the river and the areas surrounding.  [55]  The presence of these heavy metals has been known to cause several diseases. Cadmium for example causes health hazards like gastrointestinal ulcers, kidney damage, and liver damage.  [56]  Internationally, it has been recognized that the levels of Cadmium should not exceed 5 m grams / gram.  [57]  This index therefore gives us an idea as to the level of toxicity along the Gomti. The allegations that had been leveled against the National Botanical Research Institute  [58]  further has added to the debate.  [59]  It was alleged that the NBRI had been conducting the certain experiments using radioactive material. The disposal of the waste material created by the research was said to be in non conformity with the guidelines issued for disposal of radioactive waste.  [60]  The raised levels of heavy metals in the river water and in the sediments could be an indicator of the same.  [61]   4.0 Conclusion The situation encountered here is one that is not unusual in India. One cannot conclude that there is a paucity of laws in this particular area concerning water pollution. But when one looks at the enforcement of these laws, a lot remains desired.  [62]   The State Boards and the Central Boards have not been functioning as per their mandate. With government officials not catering to their responsibilities, the Boards have become paper tigers, despite the impressive legislative backing that they have. The empirical studies conducted by the researcher shows that the river water is exhibiting tell tale signs of high levels of pollution. The law on preservation of water bodies has stipulated the amount of sewage that can be released into the rivers and other streams in any region. As per Annexure II 303 Million Liter of sewage is released per day into the Gomti, the same is higher than any of the prescribed limits for proper waste disposal in any country of the world.  [63]   As a consequence of such high levels of pollution, the levels of dissolved oxygen in the water have depleted, rendering the water unsuitable for the sustenance of any form of life. Ideally, for the aquatic ecosystem to exist, there ought to be a minimum of 4 mg of dissolved oxygen per liter of water.  [64]  Unfortunately, due to the release of various pollutants into the river water, the level of dissolved oxygen has become as low as 1.2658 Mg / Liter.  [65]  The same has consequently resulted in the death of numerous fishes in the river. In addition to this, what is extremely alarming is the raised levels of heavy metal in the river water and the sediments found along the river bank. A qualitative analysis of the river water as well as the sediments have disclosed high levels of Cadmium and Lead, in addition to Iron.  [66]  The presence of these three heavy metals in such high quantity is indicative of the high levels of toxicity that exists today. The same is a result of the large scale dumping that has been happening both of domestic as well as industrial waste. The toxic waste seeps into the soil and eventually causes the depletion of the quality of the soil. In addition to this, there have been allegations of radioactive wastes being dumped into the river by the NBRI.  [67]   4.1 Liability of the Municipality In regards the dumping of untreated sewage water in the River Gomti by the U.P. Jal Nigam, the liability for the same shall rest on the Municipality in light of the ratio laid down in the case of M.C. Mehta v. Union of India, AIR 1988 SC 1115. The Supreme Court in that case had stated that the maintenance of the ecosystem that exists in the rivers in India was the responsibility of the municipalities and they could not absolve themselves of the same on any ground.  [68]  If there was any release of chemicals or untreated sewage water into the waters of any river, the municipality responsible for having prevented the same shall be help responsible.  [69]   In the present matter, the Lucknow Municipality had the onus on them to ensure that the waters of the river Gomti were not polluted by the release of sewage. Since, the same was not done, they should be help responsible for the pollution caused to the river. Furthermore, the existence of heavy metals in the water and the sediments too can be attributed to the negligence of the Municipality. As per The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, specific limits have been provided that suggest the upper limit of the concentration of those heavy metals in the soil.  [70]   In light of Entry 3  [71]  , Entry 4  [72]  , and Entry 5  [73]  of Schedule I and Entry A3 and A4  [74]  and Entry B30 and B6 of Schedule II of the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, the liability of the Municipality of the is further established. A reading of these entries show that the concentration of the heavy metals in the water of the river as well as in the soil sediments is far above the permissible limits and hence would make the municipality liable.  [75]   4.2 Liability of the NBRI The NBRI cannot be held liable under the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 since the applicability of this legislation is specifically precluded from radio active wastes.  [76]  The disposal of radio active substance is covered by the Atomic Energy Act, 1962. As per the provisions of this legislation, whenever a particular organization is using any form of radioactive substance, then in that case the disposal of the same has to happen in sealed lead containers and not in the open, else the same might cause damage to the environment.  [77]   In the present case, the NBRI had been using radioactive substances, without disposing them off as per the requirements of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, that is, it had been releasing radioactive substances in the open and not in the proper sealed containers, the same shall render them liable for the damage caused to the environment. 4.3 Solutions The condition therefore is most certainly alarming. The city is dependent on the river for water, and continues to use the same, ignorant of the condition of the water, with no action being taken either by the U.P. Jal Sansthan or the UPPCB. There have been plans of cleaning up the Gomti, and the same have received immense media coverage as well. Unless and until, the flow of pollutants into the river is not stopped, such programs shall only be partial successes. Steps need to be taken to improve the levels of dissolved oxygen. In addition to this, the dumping that is happening along the river banks also needs to be controlled so that the levels of heavy metals can be reduced in the river water as well as in the sediments along the bank of the river. In addition to this, the dumping of animal carcasses as well as polythene bags need to be stopped. Not only do they block the water treatment plants, they also damage the aquatic ecosystem to a great extent.

Teens and Sex - Sex and Disease :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Sex and Disease    Since the beginning of the semester we've been working in groups in order to complete a mid term report, based on our picked topic. I'm part of the group Sex in the New Millennium. We as a group focused our attention on three main categories, sexuality, and sexual preferences, Pregnancies and abortions, and finally sexually transmitted diseases.    Sex is the key ingredient that most companies and advertising agencies are using to sell their products. And as a result we the viewers (being what ever age we may be) are the true victims. You turn on the television and the first thing you see is someone or something being sexually exploited. Daytime TV and talk shows are long time abusers of this. As a result more and more people are practicing sex all over the country and the world. And coeincidentliy the ages of these participants are getting younger and younger. STDs are the at a all time high.    What are STDs ? STDs are sexually transmitted diseases, formerly called venereal diseases (VD), which are transmitted by direct sexual contact. Some are considered among the most serious diseases of the world . Any person who is sexually active or is thinking about having sexual activity should be familiar with the symptoms, prevention , and treatment of these diseases. Most forms of STDs may be treated and cured in the early stages, but putting off treatment can be dangerous.    The germs that cause sexually transmitted diseases can survive only for a few seconds in the air, so the diseases are transmitted only by direct body contact. Like most other diseases we do not know where or when sexually transmitted diseases started. To add to the list of STDs there is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which may lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).    In North and South America combined, there are estimates that up to 2 million people are currently infected with the HIV virus. The World Health Organization estimates that 8-10 million adults and 1 million children worldwide are infected with the AIDS virus. By the year 2000, 40 million people may be infected with the virus . More than 90% of these persons will likely reside in the developing countries. Based on 1989 data, AIDS is the number four cause of death in males ages 15-54.

Phrenology Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Phrenology Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is primarily a novel about a man’s trip to the African Congo and the horrors he encounters while there. However Conrad’s novel is also a story of its time and therefore makes mention of the theories held when it was written. Included in these ideas is that of phrenology and its relatives, mentioned clearly when the doctor examining Marlow asks, â€Å"[may I] measure your head?† and the doctor then produces â€Å"a thing like calipers and [gets] the dimensions back and front and every way...† (p. 13). The following will provide a description of Phrenology and its implications. A pseudo-science developed by Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall in the early 1800s, Phrenology is in its most basic form the study of the morphology of the human skull and its relation to human character. Gall’s â€Å"doctrine of Phrenology† (www.134.184.33.110/phreno/) is based upon five key principles, which were first presented in his work The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular. First, it is understood that man’s â€Å"moral and intellectual faculties† are innate† (Sabattini, R) and that their expression depends on how the brain is organized. Secondly, he proposed that the brain is the organ responsible for all inclinations, emotions and abilities. Thirdly he stated that the brain is composed of many different â€Å"organs† (Sabattini, R.) with each one being responsible for a certain human function. He also proposed that the size of these â€Å"organs† is directly related to th e amount of their presence and use in specific pers! ons. And finally, he suggested that the external morphology of the skull directly expresses the internal structure of the brain and that the â€Å"relative ... ... While Gall was incorrect in theorizing that the external skull reflects the personality and tendencies of an individual, he was surprisingly correct and in fact pioneered the idea that specific human functions and emotions are related to specific regions of the brain. His way of coming to this conclusion was scientifically incorrect but the implications of this idea helped modern science discover the idea of cerebral localization that is present today. Sources http://pages.britishlibrary.net/phrenology A comprehensive site which includes phrenology charts, photographs of key figures in the development of phrenology as well as a thorough overview of the science. www.epub.org.br/cm/n01/frenolog/frenologia.com A site designed by Dr. Renato M.E. Sabatini which gives a basic overview of the science and provides wonderful links to other sites on phrenology.

The Discovery of DNA’s Molecular Structure :: Science Genetics Papers

Theoretical models for the molecular structure of DNA can be likened to scientific theories. DNA’s structure was determined largely because scientists scrutinized the relationship between theory (a particular theoretical model of DNA) and observation (x-ray crystallographic patterns, or bonding patterns between bases and sugar-phosphate groups, for example). Inductivists, falsificationists, Kuhn, and Feyerabend all have different accounts of how scientists have related theory to observation. These accounts are important because, not only do they delineate frameworks scientists use to develop their theories, but because these frameworks subsequently became important in developing a theory for the molecular structure of DNA. The inductivist account of science recognizes five steps that are essential to scientific progress, and consequently, the discovery of the molecular structure of DNA. First, scientists compile a large body of facts from observation and experiment. Using the principle of induction, these facts can, often with severe logical difficulties, be generalized to form the basis for a theory or law. Then, once a theory has been developed, scientists can use the theory as part of a valid logical argument to make new predictions or explanations of phenomena. According to Chalmers, the inductivist account has â€Å"a certain appeal† to it, namely, that all of scientific progress can be seen as the result of a linear, highly structured inductive scientific method (54). â€Å"Its attraction lies in the fact that it does seem to capture in a formal way some of the commonly held intuitions about the special characteristics of scientific knowledge, namely its objectivity, its reliability, and its usefulness† (57). An inductivist account of the discovery of DNA’s molecular structure might proceed in the following way. First, early molecular biologists compiled a large body of facts from observation and experiment, such as Rosalind Franklin’s findings on the structure of DNA based on her x-ray crystallography work. From these facts, a theory of DNA structure was developed. Watson demonstrates, in The Double Helix how one aspect of DNA structure was determined from factual experimental observations. In the b-model of DNA, †¦the meridional reflection at 3.4 A was much stronger than any other reflection. This could only mean that the 3.4 A-thick purine and pyrimidine bases were stacked on top of each other in a direction perpendicular to the helical axis. In addition we could feel sure from both electron-microscope and X-ray evidence that the helix diameter was about 20 A (110).

Las Vegas Resort Project

Project Final Lake Las Vegas Boardwalk Resort Tourism You are a member of a firm that specializes in the development of world-class resort hotels around various parts of the world. A client has hired your firm to create a report and recommendations for a new resort somewhere in the United States. Course Project Lake Las Vegas Boardwalk Resort Development planning A boardwalk signifies relaxation and ente rtainment. What better place to build a fabulous boardwalk entertainment village than in the tourist capital of America beautiful Las Vegas, NV, to be more specific, Lake Las Vegas.This is a lush lakeside retreat located only 15 minutes east of the famous â€Å"Las Vegas Strip. † It is surrounded by natural red rocks and borders the Lake Mead Recreational Park. Several other hotels have already graced this manmade lake along with two award winning golf courses, and gourmet restaurants and exquisite shopping. Currently, there are two lakeside parcels remaining with great fronta ge and access to the shops and golf as well as many aquatic activities including sailing, fishing, canoeing, and small boating. Development of the structure would be made through a partnership with Lake LasVegas LTD, the chief land owner within this region. We feel that with a strategic partnership with the land owner, in the form of a land lease, our overall build-out costs would be drastically reduced and would yield pleasant tax incentives for this form of business structuring. We aim to build a traditional boardwalk style entertainment center complete with amusement hub and retail shops to add to the atmosphere. We also are planning on building a freestanding roller coaster, Ferris wheel, and Merry-Go-Round to add in to the boardwalk theme.An artist rendering of our anticipated plans would look something like this. There were nearly 40 Million visitors to Las Vegas in 2012, bringing a total of $9. 5 Billion in gaming revenue to Clark County. These figures are poised to increase steadily through 2020 and this doesn't even take into consideration the added revenues from hotels, restaurants, and retail shops. We can bring a little slice of a vacation retreat and truly make this a desert oasis. Environmental impact The Greater Las Vegas Valley is located in southern corner of Nevada.It lies bounded on the west by several mountain ranges and drains a 1,564-square-mile watershed southeastward through Las Vegas Wash into Lake Mead. Lake Mead, was created hen in the 1930's the Hoover Dam, was built in a section of the Colorado River creating what is now the largest reservoir in the US. This reservoir receives water runoff from the Rocky Mountains throughout Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Lake Las Vegas is currently another manmade offshoot of Lake Mead and developed for the purpose of becoming a master planned community.The water used is diverted through piping upwards throughout the community for reasons such as usage in homes and business for drinking water as wel l as the reclaimed water is then used for landscaping golf courses as well as watering the additional plants and shrubbery n the region. As for the wildlife in the region, it has all been preserved as natural for the area. There is also an assortment of water fowl, which can be seen flying about the area due to the lush creation ot this oasis. Complete intrastructure nas already been developed and is awaiting further investment potential.The addition of our boardwalk entertainment complex would be a welcome fit to this existing lakeside resort town. Sociological impact Since its inception as a gambler's paradise, close to the Mecca of Los Angeles, CA back in the mid 1940's, Las Vegas has developed into more of a normal metropolis with a liberal attitude. The gambling, alcohol and partying has grown Las Vegas into a town with two sides; one with the entertainment â€Å"anything goes† attitude and the other where suburbia can flourish with schools, hospitals and regular employm ent.The Las Vegas Metro area now encompasses a population of nearly 2 million, and is still growing. IT has its economic downturns as the rest of the country also does, yet it seems to bounce back as much of the revenue coming through this area is transient from elsewhere. Las Vegas as of recently has developed into more of a family friendly location complete with Amusement theme parks, water parks and utdoor activities for children. It is this atmosphere we are tapping into, with our devotion to amusement and excitement with a boardwalk relaxing atmosphere.Economic feasibility and Market With the aforementioned nearly 40 million tourists last year bringing with them their 9. 5 Billion in gambling revenue, along with other spending capital it is only logical to use this location as a prime target location for our boardwalk concept. The tourism industry has recovered pleasantly from the most recent recession and Las Vegas has shot back into action with three additional planned themed resort casinos being built n or near the Las Vegas Strip within the next 5 years.The competition is booming and with it comes a necessity for action. The future expansion planning within the Las Vegas Area calls for additional development of highway roads, as well as further expansion of the current monorail system within the strip-downtown gambling corridor leaving more expansion available to the surrounding areas. Our Lakeside resort is begging for attention and we aim to Jump in first with our themed attraction. Management and maintenance Our boardwalk hotel is patterned after the popular Kemah Boardwalk Inn, located in Galveston TX.This regional attraction has been in operation since 1997 and is only growing in popularity with both Texas residents as well as visitors to the Galveston Bay. By comparison, the Kemah location has only 52 rooms and is more dependent upon seasonal tourist business, whereas our Lake Las Vegas location will be twice the size with over 115 rooms and the ability to remain busy with both tourists and locals alike all around the year. It is with this main difference as well as the addition ofa fully operational casino floor which will allow our operation to flourish and become prottable within the first 6-8 years. Las Vegas Resort Project TourismYou are a member of a firm that specializes in the development of world-class resort hotels around various parts of the world. A client has hired your firm to create a report and recommendations for a new resort somewhere in the United States. Course ProjectLake Las Vegas BoardwalkResortDevelopment planningA boardwalk signifies relaxation and entertainment. What better place to build a fabulous boardwalk entertainment village than in the tourist capital of America beautiful Las Vegas, NV, to be more specific, Lake Las Vegas. This is a lush lakeside retreat located only 15 minutes east of the famous â€Å"Las Vegas Strip.† It is surrounded by natural red rocks and borders the Lake Mead Recreational Park. Several other hotels have already graced this manmade lake along with two award winning golf courses, and gourmet restaurants and exquisite shopping.Currently, there are two lakeside parcels remaining with great frontage and access to the shops and golf as well as many a quatic activities including sailing, fishing, canoeing, and small boating. Development of the structure would be made through a partnership with Lake Las Vegas LTD, the chief land owner within this region. We feel that with a strategic partnership with the land owner, in the form of a land lease, our overall build-out costs would be drastically reduced and would yield pleasant tax incentives for this form of business structuring.We aim to build a traditional boardwalk style entertainment center complete with amusement hub and retail shops to add to the atmosphere. We also are planning on building a freestanding roller coaster, Ferris wheel, and Merry-Go-Round to add in to the boardwalk theme. An artist rendering of our anticipated plans would look something like this. There were nearly 40 Million visitors to Las Vegas in 2012, bringing a total of $9.5 Billion in gaming revenue to Clark County. These figures are poised to increase steadily through 2020 and this doesn’t even ta ke into consideration the added revenues from hotels, restaurants, and retail shops. We can bring a little slice of a vacation retreat and truly make this a desert oasis.Environmental impactThe Greater Las Vegas Valley is located in southern corner of Nevada. It lies bounded on the west by several mountain ranges and drains a 1,564-square-mile watershed southeastward through Las Vegas Wash into Lake Mead. Lake Mead, was created when in the 1930’s the Hoover Dam, was built in a section of the Colorado River creating what is now the largest reservoir in the US. This reservoir receives water runoff from the Rocky Mountains throughout Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Lake Las Vegas is currently another manmade offshoot of Lake Mead and developed for the purpose of becoming a master planned community. The water used is diverted through piping upwards throughout the community for reasons such as usage in homes and business for drinking water as well as the reclaimed water is then used for landscaping golf courses as well as watering the additional plants and shrubbery in the region.As for the wildlife in the region, it has all been preserved as natural for the area. There is also an assortment of water fowl, which can be seen flying about the area due to the lush creation of this oasis. Complete infrastructure has already been developed and is awaiting further investment potential. The addition of our boardwalk entertainment complex would be a welcome fit to this existing lakeside resort town.Sociological impactSince its inception as a gambler’s paradise, close to the Mecca of Los Angeles, CA back in the mid 1940’s, Las Vegas has developed into more of a normal metropolis with a liberal attitude. The gambling, alcohol and partying has grown Las Vegas into a town with two sides; one with the entertainment â€Å"anything goes† attitude and the other where suburbia can flourish with schools, hospitals and regular employment. The Las Vegas Metro area now encompasses a population of nearly 2 million, and is still growing.IT has its economic downturns as the rest of the country also does, yet it seems to bounce back as much of the revenue coming through this area is transient from elsewhere. Las Vegas as of recently has developed into more of a family friendly location complete with Amusement theme parks, water parks and outdoor activities for children. It is this atmosphere we are tapping into, with our devotion to amusement and excitement with a boardwalk relaxing atmosphere.Economic feasibility and MarketWith the aforementioned nearly 40 million tourists last year bringing with them their 9.5 Billion in gambling revenue, along with other spending capital it is only logical to use this location as a prime target location for our boardwalk concept. The tourism industry has recovered pleasantly from the most recent recession and Las Vegas has shot back into action with three additional planned themed resort casinos being buil t on or near the Las Vegas Strip within the next 5 years.The competition is booming and with it comes a necessity for action. The future expansion planning within the Las Vegas Area calls for additional development of highway roads, as well as further expansion of the current monorail system within the strip-downtown gambling corridor leaving more expansion available to the surrounding areas. Our Lakeside resort is begging for attention and we aim to jump in first with our themed attraction.Management and maintenanceOur boardwalk hotel is patterned after the popular Kemah Boardwalk Inn, located in Galveston TX. This regional attraction has been in operation since 1997 and is only growing in popularity with both Texas residents as well as visitors to the Galveston Bay. By comparison, the Kemah location has only 52 rooms and is more dependent upon seasonal tourist business, whereas our Lake Las Vegas location will be twice the size with over 115 rooms and the ability to remain busy wi th both tourists and locals alike all around the year. It is with this main difference as well as the addition of a fully operational casino floor which will allow our operation to flourish and become profitable within the first 6-8 years.We are tentatively with contacts from regional Hotel management companies as well as casino managements for partnerships in our operations. We see the necessity to have this run like a four star hotel but with the relaxed nature of a holiday theme park with a casino. For our purposes of this project we are leaning toward Harrah’s Management Company. Harrah’s has the experience and technical know-how to handle all aspects of this venture and we would be pleased to have them as a strategic alliance.As for the financials we have developed a nice breakdown which will follow, but to begin, we are creating a budget for a hotel with 115 rooms to cost in the neighborhood of $22 million, additionally we will purchase a Roller Coaster, Ferris w heel and Merry-Go Round to cost an additional $3 million and the boardwalk construction build-out of approximately $5 million. This will all be financed with competitive commercial rates at 8.5% interest rate amortized over 30 years, with a balance due in 5 years. This is a standard financial package available through most commercial banks.We anticipate the retail shops and food establishments to be leased out with a competitive lease based upon the size, and location of the shop as well as with an additional gross revenue % additive. This is also standard for commercial leases in this arena. We hope to garner at least two separate nationally competitive restaurant chains leaving a final place for an independent to keep us fresh. As for the shops, these will all be leased as a first-come first-serve basis and will be contingent upon fitting in with the established atmosphere.As you can see based upon our pro-forma figures there will be plenty of room remaining for additional revenue generation as well as for advertising. We also plan to pay of the underlying note quicker than the banks anticipate. This will save us thousands in financing and interest charges. We do not currently have any interesting in additional properties as this property will undoubtedly require future planning and development to keep the theme fresh and popular with the tourists.Landscape architecture and structural architectureAs for the design and layout of the building, an anticipated concept is located here. It will be a seaside structure with the balconies facing both the lake as well as the entertainment center. Every room will have a view of the activities below and the lake activities. The Roller Coaster and Ferris wheel will be placed directly adjacent to the boardwalk and the hotel as to not defray from the majestic view of the boardwalk. The first floor of the building however will be the shops and restaurants with patios jetting from them into the boardwalk for more of a seasid e feel.The lower portion closer to the Lake will hold the Merry-Go- Round as well as additional seating for live entertainment, whether it be musical groups or live performing magicians and street performers. However from the top of the Ferris wheel, we are anticipating views clear out to the city lights of Las Vegas and to include the â€Å"Strip.†Interior design and decorationThe interior and dà ©cor of the hotel will accompany that of the theme, it will be of a nautical feel with black and white portraits of classic carnival settings. Many of these carnival and boardwalk photos will be of the tourists home towns which will add to a sense of realism and personalization. Light blue or yellow and whitewash trim will be the main color scheme while allowing a sprinkle of color to pop where the exciting locations are to be showcased. The interior of the rooms will also be stylized to transport the guest to a seaside location where fun relaxation and entertainment will be abunda nt.We plan to have several aquariums located throughout the property where different sea creatures can complete the full package. Some of the fish we plan on bringing in would be from the west coast and much will be from the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico, we may even bring in some sharks to place in a tank behind the lobby bar. This will be simply to add to any realism of seaside adventure.