EMBA program Essay

It has been my desire for several years now to obtain a masters degree in business. To satisfy my desire for success, I intend to continue my education now. With the drive, determination, and discipline to both work at my career and attend an EMBA program, I am excited to pursue a high quality EMBA at Texas A&M Mays business school. Interested in acquiring the skill set, knowledge and business acumen necessary to become a successful manager, the Mays business program will prove central to my future success. As a Project Manager, I developed leadership skills and improved my problem-solving ability, but I never had the opportunity to take courses exploring business strategy, finance, or market forces. To realize my career goal, I clearly must enhance my abilities in these as well as other areas of business. I believe that the management core at Mays will provide me with the necessary knowledge to enhance and develop my capabilities. Also, in order to become a successful manager, it is imperative that I gain a more thorough education in foreign markets, business technology, and competition. As a manager in the twenty-first century, the ability to understand business on a global scale will be highly prized. Moreover, I look forward to interacting with the highly qualified, diverse students of the Mays EMBA program. With the small class sections, the program ensures the intimacy necessary to learn from each other’s varying perspectives and backgrounds. I know I could both contribute and grow in this unique environment where all students are fully employed. From my time as a software consultant and as a project manager at a global company, I have both developed strong team abilities and have seen the value and synergies of combining people with different backgrounds, knowledge, and experience levels. I believe that entering your EMBA program will provide me with the career possibilities and exposure to resources, such as networks and learning tools, which I do not currently have. At Mays, I know that my investment of time, energy, and money will be well rewarded. At this point in my life, I believe I have great potential to gain much from a business degree since I have been exposed to the business environment for the past ten years. I now posses a strong foundation to build upon and I am ready to assume the rigors and challenges of the Mays EMBA program. Of the two business schools to which I am applying, the Mays school is my first choice. Apart from their excellent curriculum, Mays school is very conveniently located to me. Please contact me if you need any clarifications or have questions regarding my qualifications or application.

A Doll’s House

A Doll's House, by Henrik Ibsen, portrays the lives of people who are dreadfully bound in their social settings. Nora is considered the typical example of feminine standards during this period. In the play, she is considered powerless and bounds herself to patriarchal expectations, which signifies women's social role as wife and mother. The plot format, characters, and theme play a vital role in contributing to the social hierarchy of this play. A Doll's House is written in three acts; instead, of the traditional five-act plays. The plot construction of this play is characterized by exposition, complication, and resolution. For example, in act one exposition takes place when Nora's character is exposed. She is determined to take care of her family; however, is also extremely conceded and completely dependent upon her husband, Torvald despite the way he treats her. The main events take place one after another with complication along with rising action occur in act two; the last act involves the steps to resolution as soon as the catastrophe takes place. â€Å"Listen, Torvald. I have heard that when a wife deserts her husband's house, as I am doing now, he is legally freed from all obligations towards her. In any case, I set you free from all your obligations.†(act III, 79) In Act III, Nora, finally, has the courage to leave her husband which leads to the resolution taking place.During this play, the audience is exposed to a variety of characters which result in the story being told from different perspectives. Nora is the protagonist of the play, and as the play goes on the audience views a mature in her. Torvald sees Nora as easily controlled like a pet or child. However, as the play goes on Nora emerges as a fully independent woman who abandoned her marriage and the burden of motherhood. Torvald is seen as unsympathetic and stiff throughout the play; as well as avoiding interaction with his children. Dr. Rank is introduced to the audience and is seen as corrupt when he expresses his desire for Nora. At the beginning of the play, Nora borrowed money from Krogstad without her husband's knowledge. Krogstad is the ultimate description of corrupt, he saw a chance to save his job at the bank when it becomes jeopardized by blackmailing Nora. All the characters described play a role in contributing to the social hierarchy of the play. A Doll’s House INST 2608-02 A Doll’s House response paper The two main characters in A Doll’s House that I am going to focus on are Torvald and Nora. They are a married couple living in a middle class home with three children and maids. Torvald has secured a position with a bank, after the New Year he will â€Å"get a big salary and earn pots and pots of money. † (Page 8) Nora has kept a large secret from Torvald regarding money borrowed to take a trip to Italy so Torvald could recuperate in a warm climate from an illness. The story centers on Nora trying to keep the secret from Torvald.Krogstad loaned the money to Nora and she forged the signature of her father as the co-signer on the contract. The plot thickens when Krogstad shows up at Nora’s house to blackmail her. Torvald refers to Nora as a little bird and talks to her like she is a lovely little doll. â€Å"What do we call little birds that like to fritter money? † (Page 9) Nora plays right along with all t he references to a lovely bird that needs her husband to approve everything she does. I was annoyed with their relationship because of the way he treated her and because she allowed it to happen.Nora is a strong, smart and independent woman, who allows her husband to dominate. She acted this was because society expected this of woman. She did not think for herself in fear of the men becoming angry. When Torvald discovers Nora’s secret and realizes he may be ruined by the blackmail of Krogstad, he turns on her. â€Å"I’ve really had my eyes opened, in all these years. You who were my pride and joy, a hypocrite! A liar! Worse! A criminal! † (Page 58) Nora realizes Torvald would not sacrifice his integrity for her. She proclaims that thousands of women sacrifice their integrity for men and she could not live with a stranger any longer.I was elated she made the decision to leave and stand up for what she believes. Nothing Torvald said would change her mind. She real ized her father had treated her like a doll and now her husband was doing the same thing. Nora walked away from everything in order to gain her independence and find out what she believed to be the truth. This took a very strong woman, because women were to be at home and raise the children. They were to look pretty and do as they were told. They were not to think or give opinions. Nora sacrificed everything to be free.

Drainflow Repairing Jobs That Fail to Satisfy Essay

William Assemiah, 12021643 Irene Aidoo, 12021610 Sroda Adzo Apam, 12021626 Asare Ohenedwira Thomas, 12021639 Dorothy Dede Aklerh Asamoah, 12021634 Sampson Abbey Armah, 12021630 Arthur Sherifa, 12021631 Amadu Waliu, 12021617 Report Summary 1. Executive Summary DrainFlow, a plumbing maintenance firm in the USA, has been losing its customers to competitors due to poor services. Job motivation and satisfaction among employees is declining across various job categories within the firm. This dissatisfaction has been attributed to the overspecialization of some job functions in the company. The report attempts to assist DrainFlow improve in three key areas: job structure and design, incentive policies, and recruitment practices. It will go further to analyze the causes of the woes being faced by DrainFlow and provide a constructive recommendation on how to overcome them The main contents include an introduction to the problems DrainFlow is encountering, analyses of the current business, and recommendations on how DrainFlow can overcome these issues to foster a long-term competitive advantage. 2. Introduction Research shows that a happy worker is a productive employee. Satisfied employees tend to be better at their workplaces. Many of the individual behaviors at the workplace are affected by job satisfaction The main contents include an introduction to the problems DrainFlow is encountering, analyses of the current business, and recommendations on how DrainFlow can overcome these issues to foster a long-term competitive advantage. The goal of this proposal is to provide recommendations for a new job structure, a new incentive structure, and new hiring practices. The job structure recommendations will allow for more cross training between office workers and service providers. This will enrich all jobs at DrainFlow by adding different tasks, autonomy, and feedback. The new incentive structure will allow for flexible benefits and recognition. This is designed to motivate  employees and improve customer service. Lastly, the new hiring practices will provide a repeatable solution for finding a cohesive set of new employees. The report consists of five (5) parts: Executive Summary, Introduction, Motivation and Job Structure Analysis, Recommendations and Implementation. 3. Motivation and Job Structure Analysis 3.1. Job Design Research shows that there is a moderate relationship between job satisfaction and job performance as well as customer satisfaction. Satisfied employees perform better at their jobs and provide better customer service. Employees of DrainFlow are dissatisfied and that is the root cause of their present situation. Generally, specialization results in cost effectiveness and delivering of core competencies among employees when jobs are complex and require years of experience and learning for mastery. It becomes an albatross when jobs have few tasks and require little skill. The bottom line is, jobs have different effects on efficiency and motivation. The current job structure of DrainFlow due to its specialization has contributed to job dissatisfaction among employees and in 25% cases, turning employees away from the company. Work groups are dissatisfied with each other’s output. The current job structure only assigned tasks without considering the interdependency of those tasks. Due to this, problems such as assigning a plumber assistant on a job meant for a plumber, and vice versa, and poor customer service have plagued DrainFlow. DrainFlow should adopt Hackman’s Job Characteristic Model to describe current jobs in the firm. The JCM has five core dimensions which include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy and feedback. Skill variety is the use of different skills and talents to complete a variety of work activities. The current job- tasks in DrainFlow are very narrow and do not allow employees that skill variety. Task identity is the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole or identifiable piece. This will help communicate the interdependence of work from one group and the other through the order to bill process. Task significance is the degree to which the job affects the organization and society. There no feedback channels in the firm at present and as such it’s difficult to measure customer satisfaction. Autonomy will provide the freedom, independence and discretion in scheduling  work and determining the procedure to be used in accomplishing it. DrainFlow has a preplanned and stringent procedure to follow. Feedback will provide employees with direct and clear information about their own performance. DrainFlow’s employees haven’t that information to assess their performance. 3.2 Incentive Scheme DrainFlow has no incentive scheme in place that will motivate employees to put any extra effort on the job. The present reward system is based on skill and qualification. Plumbers are rewarded the most as compared to the others because of their level of skill and not on performance. Generally, reward systems tend to motivate employees better when they are:   linked to performance; the rewards are important, when team rewards are used for interdependent jobs and those rewards are valuable. Lee’s attempt to salvage DrainFlow by introducing the reward system is laudable but it will need a few modifications. 3.3. Recruitment Practices The current recruitment processes by DrainFlow are based on unstructured interviews by different managers thereby creating a higher level of inconsistencies in the choices of selection of employees. The use of shortcuts for judgment such as selective perception (tendency to selectively interpret what one sees based on one’s interests, background, experience and attitudes), or stereotyping (judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs) are prevalent. Although the shortcuts may aide accurate perceptions and hence predictions, they are not full proof and may result in perception inaccuracies. Research indicates that impressions are formed within a tenth of a second, based on a first glance. Wrong perceptions may result in employees that are unqualified for the position and/or dissatisfied with work. The current situation at DrainFlow was aggravated by these perceptional recruitment inefficiencies. Most employees lack training in customer service, organizational behavior and are anxious about speaking with customers. Order processors do not have  sufficient knowledge or skill to explain the customer’s situation to DrainFlow Plumbers or Plumber Assistants. Billing representatives must deal with the negative reactions of dissatisfied customers; however, Bill processors are only involved at the end of the job process and unaware of any job details. DrainFlow plumbers are sometimes reluctant to deliver bad news of an unexpectedly high bill to customers. Furthermore, it is clear that a majority of order processors do not know any more about plumbing than customers calling in. These deficiencies have resulted in a direct negative impact on the revenue and cost savings, which were to be achieved by dividing assignments and specializing job responsibilities. 4.0 Recommendations A. Job Redesign DrainFlow work units have been overspecialized and there is little or no coordination among employees of different functional units. Therefore, we recommend a radical redesign of the job structure and business processes to achieve dramatic performance improvements and motivation. Order and Bill Processing be merged into one work unit under a job title. This will enable employees to have a first-time touch with customers. Cross training programs should be organized to enhance their knowledge of plumbing and plumbing-related activities. Feedbacks on customer satisfaction can easily be tracked. Plumbing assistants, besides performing less technical plumbing works, should be given the opportunity to do rotational job activities in Order and Bill Processing unit. This will foster a better relationship among employees, enhance skill variety, cross training; reduce boredom and increase motivation and job satisfaction. Plumbers should organize training sessions on plumbing for worker in Order and Bill Processing Unit and continue to do complex plumbing works. The training should be interactive and focus on providing skill on how to respond to plumbing problems. This is to add a variety to plumbers’ activities. B. Incentive Scheme There is no current incentive scheme in place that is capable of providing employee satisfaction and motivation. DrainFlow should introduce an incentive scheme geared towards increasing employee satisfaction. This scheme should be both intrinsic and extrinsic; it should be both skill-oriented and performancebased.   Skills in customer service, plumbing and work attitude should be considered in the scheme. Performance-based will reward employees who create and maintain high customer retention rates. At the end of any job, a customer satisfaction survey should be conducted to assess level of customer satisfaction. Results from the survey should be the bases for implementing Lee’s reward scheme. Rewarding performance should be an ongoing managerial and not just periodic. Therefore, extrinsic rewards such as performance pay should be consistent with overall management objectives, used to reinforce a motivational in which nonmonetary rewards exist such as employee recognition. C. Recruitment Practices Based on the problem analysis concerning recruitment practices in DrainFlow, we recommend that management should design a consistent recruitment procedure that is capable of finding and hiring individuals who have the skill and experience to function well on the job. The recruitment policy procedure should emphasize on: ï‚ · A brief summary judgment about the applicant’s strength and weaknesses ï‚ · Interpreting facts as they appear on resume and make judgments; highlight and comment on experience and skills only as they apply to the needs of DrainFlow ï‚ · Identifying personality  traits (such as Agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, extraversion, and emotional stability) that will improve customer service and emotional labor 4. Implementation This is probably the hardest part of it all. DrainFlow’s challenges of improving employee and customer satisfaction whiles increasing profit levels through cost containment and job performance is contingent on implementing our recommendations. However, any successful implementation of these recommendations will require support from toplevel management. The objectives of the changes should be clearly communicated to employees. DrainFlow should not do any radical changes; they should introduce the changes gradually in order of importance. Redesigning the job structure is essentially the first change management should introduce. The focus is on combining order and billing work responsibilities into a single work unit. This should be followed by cross training and weekly job rotational activities. Workers of the newly created Order and Billing Unit should be given the opportunity to clone a plumber or plumber assistant to learn the basic concepts of plumbing. This will equip them with the necessary competencies in executing order and bill processing. DrainFlow needs to implement a new incentive scheme that is capable of boosting employee satisfaction to put in more effort in their work. The proposed incentive scheme should include a financial reward system, as proposed by Lee, and an intrinsic, employee recognition program. Research has shown that financial rewards are mostly effective and deliver good results  only in the short-run. Employee loyalty and long-term motivational needs are triggered by non-financial rewards such as recognition. 5. Conclusion This report summarized recommendations on how DrainFlow will gain a competitive advantage by improving three key knobs: job structure and design, incentive scheme and recruitment practices. The recommendations are clear and understandable and should be technically easy and financially cost effective to implement. The report proposes combining some job units,  encouraging a weekly job rotational activities, cross training by utilizing the current talents available within the organization, etc. A new incentive scheme will create job satisfaction through job motivation; this will boost productivity, performance and customer retention. The new recruitment policy entails finding and training employees that fit and share the dreams and aspirations of DrainFlow. Consequently, DrainFlow will see positive changes in employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction and retention, motivation, loyalty, performance, productivity and profitability.

Risk management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Risk management - Essay Example Even it is also consisted of implementation of a program for assessing the effectiveness. Therefore, it can be said that risk management is an ongoing process. There are four ways to deal with the risk. The first method consists of just rejecting the risk hopping that it will be resolved automatically. Accepting the risk and initiating appropriate actions against the risk can be another option. Transfer of the risk is another measure which indicates the acceptance of alternative risk, higher than the reasonable risk. Lastly, to mitigate the risk i.e. to implement the physical, administrative and technical controls in order to reduce the risk is the another way. Risk assessment is a process or examination through which it can be understood that what can be harmful for the workplace and how it can be prevented in advance. It is important because it gives the authority an advanced alert for the risk that may occur in future so that the future accidents can be avoided. Apart from accident, risk assessment is also useful for reducing insurance cost and damages in machineries. This is a part of risk management and can be better understood by the following diagram. The main objective of the risk assessment is to determine the risk associated with a particular asset. In order to assess risk successfully, few more steps have to be followed, firstly the critical information regarding the assets have to be gathered and possible threats attached with the asset should be identified. Then, the vulnerabilities of the threats and possibility of exploitation are assessed. For assessment of risk, quite a few steps have to be taken. At the outset, identification of risk is necessary. The assessor must visit each and every corner of the work place to have a better understanding with the present condition of the plants and equipments attached in it along with the premises. They may also take advice of the employees. Then, it has to be made out that who are the

Literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literature - Research Paper Example He suggests that Allende is plagiarizing Garcia’s work other than being creative. Beginning with the starting few sentences of the house of the spirits, he acknowledges that they do belong to Garcia’s book (Antoni 16). The tone and technique used in Allende’s starting passage is a like to that of Garcia. This he refers to as â€Å"the language of the magic realism†. This he suggests is because as Allende tries to realize her own language in her writing, she ends up using Garcia’s already established language. It is ironical to, also note that, from his analysis, the last few sentences from Garcia’s book are from Allende’s book. As Antoni compares the two novels, it is revealed further that though Allende is attempting to make a difference between her novel and that of Garcia, there are some parts that do not make a big difference (Antoni 19). For instance, she stipulates in her first sentence that the writing of the novel is 50 years after the occurrence of the events in the novel. Garcia, on the other hand, writes that Buendias were prophetically written by Melquiades a century before the events. This implies that Garcia’s book is in the jurisdiction of the mythological time whereas Allende’s book is more of ancient than legendary (Antoni 20). Antoni further gives instances in the two novels that prove of Allende’s alleged plagiarism. In one instance, he views the characteristics of Tio Marcos found in Allende’s novel being obtained from Garcia’s Melquiades. This is because the two characters die, and are resurrected, they are adventurers, they bear the magical books, an d are astronomers among other similar characteristics they acquire. This implies that Allende’s novel fetches so much information from Garcia’s novel (Antoni 25). An instance where Allende is imitating Garcia knowingly iswhere; Clara insists that names should not be repeated in the

Sustainable Construction Method Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Sustainable Construction Method - Coursework Example Much of this is now controlled by legislation and pollution of air, land and sea within the European Union and many Western Nations is now reducing. The loss of control of manufacturing processes therefore has a considerable environmental impact. 2. Resource Use The construction industry is the major consumer of resources of all industries. 3. Habitat Destruction While the three greatest and most imminent threats to the survival of our civilization are global warming, peak oil (the growing energy gap between supply and demand) and resource depletion, habitat destruction can have a more immediate and disastrous effect on certain localized areas and species. Sometimes these can also have a global impact (for example the impact of the deforestation of the Amazon rain forests). . 4. Waste There are increasing regulations about waste disposal from construction and many products, even common products like gypsum plasterboard and mineral wool insulation are now labeled as hazardous and requ ire special disposal. In addition there are many projects to find new uses for waste construction materials. However here, as with waste disposal, the less processed a material is, and the less hazardous, the easier re-use, recycling or healthy disposal (for example through composting) will be. Many essential materials are now in short supply. 5. Climate change The main base performance criteria for energy efficient buildings all concern the thermal performance of the building shell where most of the CO2 gains can be most easily made. The fact is that if we are serious about climate change then we need to stop playing games with technologies which do not deliver real CO2 savings. The real challenge in this area is... The intention of this study is the environmental impact assessment as a â€Å"process of identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the biophysical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken and commitments made†. An environmental impact assessment is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects. The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the ensuing environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project. The construction process and building use not only consume the most energy of all sectors and create the most CO2 emissions, they also create the most waste, use most non-energy related resources, and are responsible for the most pollution. Materials such as copper, which is largely mined in South America where whole mountains have been taken down and landscapes altered in the search for ever more rare resources. The environmental aspect can be looked as: emissions into the air, water spills, waste generation, soil pollution, resource consumption, local impacts, and impacts associated with transportation, effects on biodiversity and emergency situations and incidents. This particular proposal has been prepared by consulting engineers done on the behalf of their client. The aim of the project is to present a preliminary assessment findings pertaining to `energy options that can be exploited by client.

Effects of Internet Social Networking on the Lives of Teenagers Essay - 1

Effects of Internet Social Networking on the Lives of Teenagers - Essay Example Social networking sites most commonly in use today are Facebook and Twitter. Most teenagers necessarily visit these websites several times in a day all over the world. According to a recent research generated by the Pew Internet Project, as many as 93 per cent of the teenagers in America between the age of 12 years and 17 years are regular users of the internet, and 55 per cent of such teenagers spends most of the time using social networking websites (Hall). Social networking sites cause a lot of troubles in the life of teenagers. As a result of the expanded social circle because of internet social networking, teenagers are prone to fall in the hands of pedophiles and kidnappers. Internet social networking increases the interaction of a teenager with others. In fact, many studies have found the social networks of internet using teenagers to be much larger than others that do not use the internet. Not only their social circle increases, but also the way they communicate changes. Nowa days, many teenagers can be heard speaking to one another in slang. The time that teenagers spend socializing with others in the virtual world is no less effective than the real world for building relationships and socializing with others. Everyday, hundreds of teenagers fall prey to pedophiles and end up getting into dangerous real world activities. Anonymity is a special feature of the social networking sites. This allows the unscrupulous people to approach the immature teenagers and involve them in harmful activities by conversing with them. The predators can easily project themselves as teenagers. This allows them to draw the teenagers into harmful activities in the real world along with the virtual world. They send messages to the teenagers via these websites. Many teenagers respond to them. The predators may use social networking sites to drive the teenagers into the business of drug dealing or child pornography.

Dress is a marker of national identity; discuss in relation to Coursework

Dress is a marker of national identity; discuss in relation to specific dress codes and their contexts, such as the veil and its history - Coursework Example A classification of these dress codes is usually created for wavering levels of reserve and at times the time of day. Such instances include the traditional Western culture of dressing where different gender’s dress styles portrayed the type of work and even status. In real instances, the type of dress is either followed naturally or influenced by peer pressure. This is to why people within a specific nation or society wear the same clothing in the same condition. In this analysis, this paper will concentrate on specific dress codes and the reasons they are still makers of national identity. The veil is a very old type of dressing that was mostly associated with the Islamic society. It, however, originates from the ancient European society. This included Greeks, Romans, Hittites and Persians. In addition, the Assyrian culture also wore this type of dressing. Looking at the Assyrian beliefs of the veil, it was associated with class and also gender inferences. The first recorded time it was used was with the Assyrian women back in the 13th century.2 During this period, an Assyrian veil was meant to bring class distinction and in fact the Assyrian law prohibited farmhand women and even prostitutes from putting it on. The women who went against this particular law of wearing the veil were heavily punished. In the Persia community, those women who went to public meetings were supposedly required to wear the veil. The wealthy and high class Persians used it to hide their ladies from the public eye. In a matter of years of spread, the veil then spread throughout Middle East, amidst the Persian downfall. During the colonial regime in northern Africa, women wore veils by force as a sign of their opposition against the French, who wanted them to remove them and copy the French customs and laws. This, as a result, became a

Legal relationships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Legal relationships - Essay Example The there are various types of lease contracts and with different terms and conditions. The lease involved in this instance is the lease of real property. However, various issues are associated in the transfer of a piece of real estate. According to Pfeiffer, Timmerbell, Johannes Dotter and Idwell, the legal consequences associated with the transfer of leased piece of real estate property is dependent on the application of the civil code (2009). If there is the application of the civil code to the lease contract, it offers the possibility of the acquirer to terminate existing lease contract under the terms and provision offered by the law. This is done within fourteen days if not agreed upon and the seller has the obligation of compensating the lessee. The transfer of the contract by the lessee is possible through a sublease or if the lease contract contains provisions allowing the transfer. However, there are various provisions and it is advisable to review each case individually. Conclusively, it is possible to transfer the lease to another prospective investor if an individual is unable to continue financing the lease contract. It requires that a person follow the outlined formalities in order to facilitate the transfer of the lease contract. This assist to ensure that the transfer of the piece of real property is conducted appropriately without creating potential problems that can be faced. Pfeiffer G. F,   Timmerbeil Sven, Johannes dotter  F&  Tidwel K. L. (COL). (2009).International asset transfer: an overview of the main jurisdictions : a practitioners handbook .New York: Walter de

Journal Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Paper - Essay Example Of the two, the latter is more influential since different people in a society may belong to different religions, yet they share the same culture. Since political ideology finds its roots in the religious and cultural concerns of the people, and religion and culture generally remain unchanged over the course of time, so does the political ideology. Ideologies may or may not be vehicles of individual and societal progress. It depends upon the sagacity of the society’s culture, though ideologies are definitely instruments of influence and power. The common opinion of a large body of public becomes weighty and influential and serves as a scale upon which the policies of government are evaluated. This can be estimated from the fact that in a conservative society with the domination of religion, sex education in schools is condemned by the public at large, whereas in an avant-grade society, people encourage the delivery of sex education in schools in order to inculcate awareness in children so that their susceptibility towards sexual diseases is reduced. Likewise, the level of exposure in media is looked at through the religious microscope.

Critiquing an Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Critiquing an Argument - Essay Example We have to put emphasis on our tasks to maintain and preserve a safe and hale and hearty environment, from our own human rights to exhausting supplies of natural resources (Lewin 34). Thoreau existed in the era of slavery. He on one occasion spent a night in jail for failing to pay his taxes to the government that sustained it. But his protestation was not only to the slavery of the Negro, but rather the slavery of all people (Murphy 45). As one interpretation has illustrated Walden would be seen as a setting free narrative, the story of a flee from delusion. For Thoreau, the figurative deep South was just two miles away; Agreement, though it restricted family and friends, was a kind of prison people were not aware they were in, imprisoned by materialism and conventionality (Murphy 47). Thoreau prominently stated to his blank page, the mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation. With his acquaintance Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau at the present, stands as a pillar of what may be described as the ethic of American distinctiveness (Murphy 54). The insincerity of this is the fact that they both railed in opposition to so much of what the United States and other Western countries have debatably become: prosperous consumer playgrounds shadowed by not having a personal meaning. Yet Walden and the writings of Emerson that so prejudiced it, is as striking as ever to those in hunt for something more (Lewin 58). Most of the opinions and ideas in it have gone through public awareness, and it has been one of the core inspirations for the modern generation of personal development writers. For example, among the descriptions of nature and people we find these now-famous lines: If one advances confidently in the direction of his own dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours, and I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by a conscious

Simultaneous interpreting Essay Example for Free

Simultaneous interpreting Essay These first two instances of overlap happen quickly and without need for Ð ° resolution. Then, Ð ° third instance of overlapping talk begins, all three are talking, and to intervene. The Student offers back-channel responses, the Interpreter begins translating and then the Professor begins to speak. Suddenly there are three speakers. For Ð ° moment, all three are talking. And, at this point, the Interpreter says wait-Ð °-minute to the Student. The Student immediately shifts his gaze from the Professor to the Interpreter. As he sees the gesture, the Students hands go down to his lap, Ð ° turn-ending signal in ASL (Baker 1977), and he makes no further attempt to speak. When the Student stops, the Interpreter begins interpreting for the Professor, and she goes on talking At first glance, it might seem that the Interpreter stopped the Professor merely because she is the teacher and therefore more powerful while the Student is Ð ° student and thus powerless. But as Tannen (1987) argues, the notion of power is metaphoric when applied to interaction and discourse: І suggest that there are many different kinds’ of power and influence that are interrelated and have varied manifestations. When people are taking different roles, it may not be the case that one has power and one doesnt, but that they have different kinds of power, and they are exercising it in different ways. While the Interpreter may have made his decision based on greater authority or status of the Professor, upon closer inspection, Ð ° number of factors may have contributed to the Interpreters decision to stop the Student. First, the topic was initiated by the Professor, and it is clear that she is not finished talking about it, given her persistence in raising it and her elaboration of it. Second, when the Professor begins to talk about chunking, she says this word the same way both times. There is stress on the first syllable, as well as Ð ° rising and then falling tone. When said as CHUNKing, in English, the tone carries an additional message of heres what І want to talk about next. This is an example of how contextualization cues work ( Gumperz 1982). Third, in playback interviews, the Professor and the Student explain their perspectives on the overlapping talk and the Interpreters choice. The Student began explaining when he saw himself sign SAME. The Student: І said SAME because І wanted to talk about the same thing! Chunking and І was glad she brought it up. І didnt really understand it and hadnt remembered to asked her about it. І wanted her to talk about it. At some level the Interpreter knew that the Student needed to know what the Professor thought; it is what all students come to professors to hear. Although, by virtue of the situation, the Professor has Ð ° more powerful status, the Students own words make it clear that he would prefer to be stopped, so that he can fulfill his expectation of receiving advice and information. It is for this information that he came to her office. The Professor explains her perspective: When І am talking about chunking І think І clearly feel that what І have to say takes priority. And І want to get it out. [The Interpreter] starts talking but І dont want to hear it. І think І am not sure whether [the Student] was trying to take Ð ° turn or give Ð ° back channel but І am going to treat it like Ð ° back channel because І want to keep talking. І wasnt ready to yield the floor. Thus, the Professor was unwilling to give up her turn and perhaps would have insisted that she be allowed to go on speaking. The accumulating dataher persistence on the topic, her contextualization cues, and her status-become Ð ° cumulative force that must have had some impact on the Interpreters decision. Thus, in some ways, the Interpreters decision was not only Ð ° judicious one to make; it was, perhaps, the only one the Interpreter could have made as part of this triad. Overlapping talk and the decision to stop Ð ° speaker come about for complex social reasons within specific contexts and interpreters act instinctively on this knowledge. Ignoring Ð ° Turn Next, І move to examples of overlapping talk where the Interpreter makes Ð ° decision either to momentarily ignore one speakers overlapping talk and interpret it later or to ignore the talk altogether. Momentarily ignoring Ð ° turn forces the Interpreter to hold Ð ° span of speech in memory (if able) until an opportunity presents itself to interpret what was said. Holding Ð ° span of speech and recalling it later happens for several reasons: (1) an interpreter perceives that the talk is not critical at the moment; (2) the overlapping talk is short, simple, and easy to remember; or (3) an interpreter can predict that one speaker is either finishing or will finish soon. When interpreters ignore Ð ° speakers input, they generally do so because they decide that the talk is unimportant at this moment, that it may be contributed again, or that they simply cannot process that piece of language while they are interpreting. In this segment, at the third line, the same occurrence that made the Interpreter stop Ð ° speaker previously now has Ð ° different outcome: the z Professor speaks, the Student speaks, and the Interpreter is interpreting; all three are speaking. This time the Interpreter does not render an interpretation of the Professors talk. Interpreters sometimes have to ignore one of the overlapping utterances. There are two kind’s of talks that they can ignore and not affect the outcome too drastically. one kind of talk is back-channel responses, brief spurts of talk that indicate that listeners are paying attention, or agreeing, or providing other non-content responses, such as, mm-hmm, sure, or OH-І-SEE (ASL). The other kind is also brief but contains more message content. For instance, yes, І can do it and no, І doubt it are brief, yet they include agreement, disagreement, or Ð ° proposition. Interpreters can, or have to, ignore these two kinds of talk for two basic reasons. First, it is not physically possible to hear or see two speakers and be talking yourself, all at the same time. The complexity of the talk that is being interpreted demands an interpreters full attention. Second, inserting overlapping talk could surprise the speaker who is already talking and that speaker will stop because the stream of thought is interrupted. The next segment demonstrates more of the unique possibilities of interpreted events. The Student responds to something the Professor has said, and his response is not interpreted. The Professor sees the Student make Ð ° gesture that gives agrees with her message, and it seems to communicate directly with her. Finally, interpreters sometimes make decisions to ignore overlapping talk momentarily, and when they are ready to interpret, they no longer remember it. When this happens, interpreters have an option to offer Ð ° turn to the speaker whose talk was ignored. Interpreters can say something like, Do you want to say something? or they can take Ð ° turn to say that the other speaker tried to say something. For example, an interpreter might say Excuse me, theres Ð ° question In this meeting, the Interpreter does not ignore overlapping talk momentarily and offer Ð ° turn to one of the speakers However, the Interpreter does offer turns at talk for reasons other than overlapping talk.

Change Management Plan to Reduce Medication Errors

Change Management Plan to Reduce Medication Errors Assignment 2 Change Management Plan: reducing medication errors by building a dual medication error reporting system with a ‘no fault, no blame’ culture Introduction Medication errors in hospitals are found to be the most common health-threatening mistakes made in Australia (Victoria Quality Council, n.d.). Adverse events caused by medication errors can affect patient care, leading to increased mortality rates, lengthy hospital stays and higher health costs (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2012). Although it is absolutely impossible to eliminate all medication errors as human errors can occur, reporting errors is fundamental to error prevention. â€Å"Ramifications of errors can provide critical information to inform the modification or creation of policies and procedures for averting similar errors from harming future patients† (Hughes, 2008, p. 334). Thus, it highlights the importance of change management to provide a reporting system for effective error reporting. In this paper, the author is going to explore current incident-reporting systems and discuss the potential benefit of a dual medication-error reporting system, wit h a ‘no fault, no blame’ culture through a literature review, followed by a clear rationale for the necessity of a change management plan to be in place. Lippitt’s Seven Steps of Change theory will be demonstrated in detail with clear strategies suggested for assessing the plan outcomes. Finally, the main issues will be summarised with an insightful conclusion. Discussion Medicines are the most common treatment used in the Australian healthcare system, which can make great contributions in relieving symptoms and preventing or treating illness (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2010). However, because medicines are so prevalently used, incidences of errors associated with the use of medicine are also high (Aronson, 2009). Over 770,000 people are harmed or die each year in hospital due to adverse drug events, which can cost up to 5.6 million dollars per year per hospital. Medication errors account for one out of 854 inpatient deaths and it is notable that the number of medication error-related death is higher than motor vehicle accidents, breast cancers and AIDS mortality (Hughes, 2008). Reporting enables a platform for errors to be documented and analysed to evaluate causes and create strategies to improve safety. A qualitative study (Victoria Quality Council, n.d) was conducted to survey the current medication error reporting systems in both metropolitan and rural hospitals in Victoria. Most hospitals prefer the report to be named as it allows follow-up of the incidents, whereas only a small proportion of hospitals use anonymous reporting to alleviate the barrier of reporting yet the correlation with actual errors has been low. In addition, a majority of hospitals acknowledged that near misses are supposed to be recorded but are rarely documented (). It is clear that errors and near misses are key to improve safety, so they should be reported regardless of whether an error resulted in patient harm. A near-miss error that has the potential to cause a serious event does not negate the fact that it was and still is an error. Reporting near misses is invaluable to reveal hidden danger. Hughes (2008) pointed out that the majority believes a mandatory, non-confidential incident report system could lead to and encourage lawsuits thus a reduced frequency of error reports resulted. A voluntary and confidential reporting system is preferred, which encourages the reporting of near misses and generates accurate error reports. However there is concern that with voluntary reporting, the true frequency of both errors and near misses could be much higher than what is actually reported (White, 2011). Thus, it can be concluded that a dual system combining both, mandatory and voluntary mechanisms might improve reporting. Although nurses should not be blamed or punished for medication errors, they are accountable for own actions. Therefore, reporting errors should not attribute blamed individuals but to ‘hold providers accountable for performance† and â€Å"provide information that leads to improved safety† (Hughes, 2008). Individuals and organisations attention needs to be drawn toward improving the error reporting system, which means to ‘ focus on a bad system more than bad people’ (Wachter, 2009). Reporting of errors should be encouraged by creating a ‘no fault no blame’ culture. Rationale: Medication errors can occur as a result of human mistakes or system errors. Every medication error can be associated with more than one error-producing condition, such as staff being busy, tired and engaging in mutule tasks (Cheragi, Manoocheri, Mohammadnejad Ehsani, 2013). Nurses are mostinvolvedat themedication administrationphase and are the last people involved in the drug delivery system. It becomes the nurses’ responsibility to double check prior to the administration of medication and to capture any potential drug error that might be made by the prescribing doctor or pharmacy. Whether the nurse is the source or an observer of a medication error, organisations rely on nurses as front-line staff to report medication errors (Hartnell, MacKinnon, Sketris, Fleming, 2012). When things go wrong, the most common initial reaction is to conceal the mistake. Not surprisingly, most errors are only reported when a patient is seriously harmed or when the error could not be easily covered up (Hughes, 2008). Reporting potentially harmful errors before harm is done, is as important as reporting the ones that harm patients. The barriers to error reporting can be attributed to the workplace culture of blame and punishment. Blaming someone does not change those contributing factors and a similar error is likely to reoccur. Adverse drug events caused by medication errors are costly, preventable and potentially avoidable (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2009). Thus, it is essential that interventions to be implemented must ensure a competent and safe medication delivery system. To do so, change is needed; to adopt a dual medication error reporting system with a ‘no fault, no blame’ culture in Holmesglen Hospital. Change Management Plan: The Nursing role has evolved to match the ongoing growth of the Australian health-care delivery system. There is a trend for nurses to take responsibility for facilitating positive change in areas related to health (Steanncyk, Hancock Meadows, 2013). Nurses play the role of change agents which is vital for the effective provision of quality healthcare. There are many ways to implement changes in the work environment. Lippitt’s Seven Steps of Change theory is one of the approaches believed to be more useful as it incorporates a detailed, step by step plan of how to generate change (Mitchell, 2013). There are seven phases in the theory: Phase 1: The Change management plan begins at this phase to provide a detailed diagnosis of what the problem is. No matter what reporting procedures are in place, they may capture only a fraction of actual errors (Montesi Lechi, 2009). Reporting medication errors remain dependent on the nurses’ decision making, and the nurses may be hesitant or avoidant to report errors due to fear of consequences. A combination of mandatory and voluntaryreport system is suggested with a ‘no fault no blame’ approach to reduce cultural and psychological barrier (Hughes, 2008). Both statistical review and one to one informal interviews can help to identify areas that need attention and improvement. An open door policy and disclosure preferences for nurses who want to express their concerns, either to a nurse unit manager, a nurse in charge, a supervisor, a senior or a nurse representative or a colleague are all suitable. This approach can be effective in exploring and uncovering deep-seated emotions, motivations and attitudes when dealing with sensitive matters (). Statistical review, such as RiskMan reviews, is a useful tool to capture and classify medication errors (Riskman, 2011). Holmesglen hospital are conducting bi-monthly statistic reviews to gather information on the contributing factors of medication errors, by aiming to target system issues that could contribute to the error made by individuals, and make a change at organisational levels. For example, if medication errors are constantly caused by staff who are distracted or exhausted, staffing lev els and break times will be reviewed. Phase 2: At this stage, motivation and capacity to change are assessed. It involves small group activities such as staff meetings or medication in-services and all nursing staff are invited. Feedback can be given either directly (face to face) or in-directly (survey) and nursing staff knowledge, desire and skills necessary for the change as well as their attitude for change are assessed. Staff motivation can be reflected through rates of meeting attendance, number of submitted surveys, or number of staff who actively participated in the meeting discussion. Nurses who have good insight and are actively involved in the meeting are the ‘driving forces’ which will facilitate the process of change management; nurses who are hesitant or adverse to change are the resisting forces, in which force-field analysis can be used to counter this resistance (Mitchell, 2013). Force-field analysis is a framework for problem solving. For example, with the health budget crisis we face today in Australia, many hospitals and units may have financial restrains and are incapable of maintaining the flow of the change process. In the meetings, financial issues can be brought up at organisational levels that making change is necessary for both better patient outcomes and reducing unnecessary healthcare costs. Phase 3: With the motivation and capacity levels addressed, determining who the change agent is and whether the change agent has the ability to make a change. Change agents can be any enthusiastic person who has great interest, has a genuine desire and commitment to see positive change. Daisy is a full time associated nurse unit manager (ANUM) employed by Holmesglen hospital for some years. As she has a background of being a pharmacist, part of her role includes providing drug advice to nurses. During her weekly medication review, Daisy noticed that medication errors have been frequently occurring but there is little correlation with the actual reports submitted. Daisy decided to run in-service sessions and all nurses are invited to attend. Daisy discussed her change management plan with the nurse unit manager who also expressed interest and agreed to provide human resources and reasonable financial support. Another four ANUM also expressed interest and commitment. It has been arrang ed that two ANUM to attend the in-service at each time. Phase 4: The in-service is designed to be running for 6 months from September 15th 2014 to March 15th 2015 on monthly basis. Daisy will be holding the in-service and other ANUM will provide assistance in implementing the change plan. The in-service will consist of two parts and run for two hours. The first hour will be a review of the performance of the last month along with relevant statistics. The second hour will be self-reflection and discussion. All participants will be paid for attendance and encouraged to complete an anonymous survey monthly. Phase 5: Daisy is the leader of the change agents responsible for conducting in-services, collating information regarding medication safety, and summarising data with the assistance of ANUM. Meanwhile, Daisy and all the ANUM are the senior staff responsible for providing supervision and support to junior staff and other nurses. A monthly summary report of performance is submitted to the leader for review and monthly meetings are held among senior groups to review the effectiveness of the change management plan and adjust and modify the current plan if needed. Phase 6: A communication folder will be used to update nurses about past meetings. A drop box is available in the staff room for anonymous suggestion and complaints, which can only be accessed by Daisy and the other 4 ANUM. All suggestions and complaints will be responded with two weeks of submission in written form and available in the staff room for all staff to read in the feedback section in the communication folder. Phase 7: The change management plan will be evaluated at the end of the 6 month period the 30th of March 2015, to determine whether the change management plan has been effective. The evaluating process can be done through audit or feedback. The change agent will withdraw from the leader position after the final meeting but still work on the ward to provide ongoing consultation. The four ANUM will take over the role to ensure a good standard is maintained. The drop box will remain available for any further issues identified in the work place. Clear strategies for assessing the plan outcomes As previously mentioned, a final evaluation will be conducted after the final in-service utilising two main approaches to assess the plan outcome auditing and feedback. Auditing includes internal review and an external audit; feedback consists of nursing staff feedback and patients report. An internal review will be conducted four times through the following year. The ANUM are assigned to conduct the review. The Review includes comparing the medication charts with the incident reports to assess any correlation. For example, an omitted dose is considered a reportable mediation error and an incident report should exist correlatively. An external medication audit will be conducted by an external professional to provide a true and fair reflection of the situation (). It can occur annually, not only to assess the plan outcome, but to also monitor practices and identify areas for improvement. Frequency of auditing will depend on the rate of staff changing. However, every newly employed nurse will be given a printout to familiarise themselves with the change that has been made with an open-door policy encouraging queries. If significant non-compliance is identified in the auditing, it is suggested that the first phase of change management plan should be repeated to assess the necessity for modification of the current plan (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care, 2014a). The drop box will still be available for anyone who experiences or witnesses medication errors, or have a better suggestion to improve practice. Submission is anonymous and confidential. Only the ANUM have access. Public feedback will be given to complaints and suggestions in a timely manner and in the form of a printout for all staff to read. Patients can be a source of reporting medication errors as some of them know what their regular medications are. Also, new side effects experienced by patients can reflect the inappropriate use of medication. Conclusion-highlight main issues 250 Need to be completed Barriers to report errors must be breached to accomplish a safer medication administration system. Reporting medication errors and near misses through an established reporting system can provide opportunities to reduce similar errors in the further nursing practice and alleviate costs involved in such adverse events. Several factors are necessary in the change management plan: a leader that is motivated and committed to make a change; a reporting system that makes nursing staff feel safe;

Zero Based Budgeting Emerged To Overcome The Limitations Of Incremental Budgets Accounting Essay

Zero Based Budgeting Emerged To Overcome The Limitations Of Incremental Budgets Accounting Essay Zero-based budgeting emerged to overcome the limitations of incremental budgets. This approach requires that all activities are justified and prioritized before decisions are taken relating to the amount of resources allocated to each activity. Besides adopting a zero-based approach zero-base budgeting also focuses on programmes or activities instead of functional departments based on line-items which is a feature of traditional budgeting. Programmes normally relate to various activities undertaken by municipal or government organizations. Zero-based budgeting works from the premise that projected expenditure for existing programmes should start from base zero, with each years budgets being compiled as if the programmes were being launched for the first time. The budgetees should present their requirements for appropriations in such a fashion that all funds can be allocated on the basis of cost-benefit or some similar kind of evaluative analysis. The cost-benefit approach is an attempt to ensure value of money, it question long-standing assumptions and serves as a toll for systematically examining and perhaps abandoning any unproductive projects. Thats why more and more non-profit making organizations, including Oxfam Hong Kong, consider using Zero-based budgeting as an approach to judge a best solution of the organizations. Background of Oxfam Hong Kong Oxfam Hong Kong is one of non-profit making organizations. It is an independent international development and humanitarian organization working against poverty and related injustice. It recognized that much poverty is caused by injustice and that poverty alleviation requires economic, social and structural change. It worked with people facing poverty and with partner organizations on development, humanitarian, policy advocacy and public education programmes. How zero-based budgeting could be used at Oxfam Hong Kong Most organizations, including Oxfam Hong Kong, may use incremental budgeting system for their budgetary process. However, this approach has a serious drawback. The budgetary process for coming year usually uses previous budget allocation as a basis of allocation. That may incurred increase or decrease in budget for the coming year based on the budget allocation. It is because the percentage of allocation is without full examination of this allocation basis. Incremental budgeting system assumes that the situation will continue in the same way. Zero-based budgeting could be used to remedy this serious drawback in incremental budgeting system. The best suitable activities in Zero-based budgeting To use zero-based budgeting as an approach, some activities are very suitable to use. For example: Limited resource of labours Oxfam Hong Kong is a non-profit making organization that it is always faced with limited resource of labours because major labours are volunteers that it often has not salaries. To organize an activity such as donation of poverty countries, it is a large project that it needs a lot of human resource. The allocation of resource is very important if the organization is faced with limited resource of labours. Zero-based budgeting can efficiently allocate resource of each department. Zero-based budgeting will define and evaluate decision packages of human resource and appropriate allocation by ranking of decision packages. Judgment of consignment or in-house Oxfam Hong Kong always creates a lot of activities about the donation of poverty countries. To encourage more donations, the organization always produces some souvenirs to donators. The souvenirs are also a part of cost that Oxfam Hong Kong will be considered to produce by consignment or in-house processing. It is because Oxfam Hong Kong would likely choose inexpensive method. It is very suitable to use zero-based budgeting to the identification. Although incremental budgeting system or activity-based budgeting can determine the cost of production by consignment or in-house processing, it only use department as a base which is less accurate than zero-based budgeting. It is because zero-based budgeting is based on activity which is more accurate than incremental budgeting system or activity-based budgeting. The advantages of Zero-based budgeting More and more non-profit organizations choose Zero-based budgeting rather than Incremental budgeting for their decision making because Zero-based budgeting has following advantages which Incremental budgeting is ignored. Inappropriate activities are not undertaken Traditional budgeting trends to extrapolate the past by adding a percentage increase to the current year. Zero-based budgeting avoids the deficiencies of incremental budgeting and represents a move towards the allocation of resources by need or benefit. Thus, unlike traditional budgeting the level of funding is not taken for granted. For example, when Oxfam Hong Kong has limited resource such as labour hour, the allocation of resources is being very important. Then Zero-based budgeting can help Oxfam Hong Kong to select the best solution of the allocation by ranking of decision packages. Finally, inappropriate solutions are not adopted. Enhance motivation The documentation of decision packages also leads to a deeper staff and management knowledge of all the operation and activities of the organization and can enhance communication, participation and therefore motivation. Oxfam Hong Kong can indirectly motivate the staff. It is because all departments especially management department in Oxfam Hong Kong need to communicate with other departments to make a consensus of the decision packages. Concerning value for money Zero-based budgeting focuses attention on outputs in relation to value for money. Through this value for money approach, inefficient and obsolete operations are identified so that wastage can be eliminated and a more efficient allocation of resources to activities and departments can be achieved. Therefore, Oxfam Hong Kong can indirectly reduce the cost of selection of decision because the wastage is reduced and the allocation of resource is being efficient. Problem of Zero-based budgeting Actually, no method is perfect. Zero-based budgeting also exists problems that Oxfam Hong Kong should be faced. More costly and time consuming The preparation of decision packages can generate a great volume of paperwork especially for a large project or activity and will require a considerable management skill. Therefore, Oxfam Hong Kong should be provided more training and education about concepts of application of Zero-based budgeting to the management department because Zero-based budgeting must be clearly understood by managers at various levels to be successfully implemented. The running cost is directly increased. Also, Zero-based budgeting will requires gathering, analysis and evaluation of large amounts of data that the management department faced with much workload and it is very time consuming. Problems of identifying ranking packages Subjective judgment and political pressure are unavoidable in ranking packages and allocation of resources and may create departmental conflicts. Different types and natures of activities across different departments, particularly with qualitative rather than quantitative benefits, may give rise to the problem of ranking. Oxfam Hong Kong is confused of the decision packages because it is difficult to define decision units and decision packages and sometimes subjective judgment is needed. Also, management may be exaggerated skews the results if it is unreliable. Then, the decision packages are became inaccurate. Relationship between management and staff deterioration The questioning attitude of zero-based budgeting is not always acceptable to staff or management because they may view it as a threat to their existing implied rights. For example, management department and accounting department have different ideas of decision packages. Each department does not agree with the other side ideas. The cooperation and motivation among the management and staff may deteriorate. Therefore, it may influence the relationship of each department in Oxfam Hong Kong. http://www.oxbridgewriters.com/essays/accounting/zero-based-budgeting.php http://www.finweb.com/financial-planning/pros-and-cons-of-zero-based-budgeting.html http://www1.cimaglobal.com/Documents/ImportedDocuments/fm_nov07_p48-53.pdf

The Break Through in American Baseball :: essays research papers

The Break Through in American Baseball   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Baseball, what is baseball? Baseball is a game about runs, hits and errors; 73 homers by Barry Bonds and seven no hitters by Nolan Ryan, a .367 lifetime mark by Ty Cobb and 511 wins by Cy Young. It’s all about the 15,000 people who have had the privilege to make it in the league and more, from homerun hitting Babe Ruth to the lately retired Cal Ripken Jr., but there is more to baseball then records and fame; the thing, the man, goes by the name of Jackie Robinson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jackie Robinson. The name alone is inspiring and pure. Jack Roosevelt Robinson (Jackie) was born on 1919, in Cairo Georgia and quickly found out that life wasn’t going to be easy. When Jackie was one-year-old his father, Jerry, packed up and left his whole family, after his deserting; Jackie’s mother, Mallie, then rounded up her five children and moved to Pasadena, California, where she found work as a maid.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not long after moving to Pasadena Jackie soon enrolled at George Washington High School at the age of 17. Not only did he play four sports in high school but he also won the city’s Ping-Pong championship. While Jackie was still young and in high school his brother was way over in Berlin, Germany competing in the Summer Olympics. Mack got second in the 200-meter dash, finishing behind the all-time great Jesse Owens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After graduating high school Jackie then attended UCLA in 1941 and was the first athlete in UCLA history to ever letter in four sports (baseball, football, basketball, and track) in a single year. Not only did he make history there, but he met the love of his life, Rachel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After one year of college, Jackie entered the army for World War II. He was stationed at Fort Riley, Kansas, and while he was there he was denied entrance into the Officers’ Candidate School because of his skin color. Being the man he is, he protested and protested and stood up for what he believed in and in 1945 was discharged as a lieutenant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After being discharged, Jackie met Branch Rickey on August 28, 1945 and Rickey offered Jackie a contract with one of the Dodgers farm clubs, the Montreal Royals of the International League. Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play in the International League, and as you can guess had to overcome a lot of adversity.

The Real King :: essays research papers

Riley B. "B.B." King (guitarist/singer, born September 16, 1925, Itta Bena, MS) The most touching bluesman of our time, and the most influential electric guitarist ever, the "King of the Blues" sums up his message with some simple advice. "I would say to all people, but maybe to young people especially--black and white or whatever color--follow your own feelings and trust them, find out what you want to do and do it, and then practice it every day of your life and keep becoming what you are, despite any hardships and obstacles you meet." So hard to follow yet so good to live by, those words also describe the course of the musician's extraordinary career. The obstacles in his path were many: He was born during the Great Depression in the poorest of American states, the son of black farm laborers. Only talent, hard work, and an unstoppable artistic vision can account for King's journey out of the Mississippi Delta, through the roadhouse joints of the "Chitlin' Circuit" in the South to the legendary Apollo Theater in New York, into the recording studio, to the hearts of millions. Praising his "apparently inexhaustible reserve of creativity," as he presented B.B. King with the National Medal of Arts in 1990, President George Bush hailed the blues musician as a "trailblazer, an authentic pioneer who literally helped shape his art form." Riley B. King (the extra "B" came later and doesn't stand for anything) spent his childhood all over the state of Mississippi. When his parents separated in 1929, the boy went to live with his maternal grandmother in Kilmichael; his mother died when he was nine and, in 1940, B.B. joined his father's new family in Lexington for two years before returning to Kilmichael. He took on farm work in Indianola in 1946 but, after wrecking a tractor, decided his future lay in Memphis, Tennessee. A fan of the bluesman Bukka White, young B.B. looked him up for advice and found himself working as a street corner bluesman in Memphis. In 1948 he worked up the nerve to audition for WDIA, a hillbilly radio station that was about to change its format to cater to the black community. He got the job. He cut his first record in 1949, "Miss Martha King," followed by "Three O'Clock Blues" and "She's Dynamite" in 1951. Both reached Number One in Memphis. By 1955, King decided to put together his own band, and a steady string of hits followed that included "Recession Blues," "Rock Me, Baby," "How

Understanding Native Americans in the Film, Dances with Wolves Essays

Understanding Native Americans in the Film, Dances with Wolves To dance with someone is to become one with him. When you dance, you lay selves aside and you try to move as one person. Every step flows cautiously into the next. You never want to step on the toes of the other person and with your hands you guide each other in various directions, but always together. The dance is a journey; one that brings two often very different people together. For that brief time that the two are dancing they act as one person, laying all differences aside. The film, Dances with wolves, accomplishes this feat. For one hundred and eighty-one minutes it allows us to get caught up in the dance of the white man and the Indians. Dances with wolves, disregards cultural barriers and only focuses on people for who they are as individuals. At the beginning of any dance, people are cautious. They must first "feel-out" the other person. They must get a sense of who the other person is, and what is meaningful to them. In the film, Dances with Wolves," John Dunbar approaches the Indians with this same apprehension. He is a white America who is alone on the frontier. He may be scared of the supposed "savages," but he never lets on. The stereotypical Indian is a brutal savage-like beast who kills for the sake of killing and ravages the countryside. In the first scene of the movie, this is the image that I received. It seemed hard to imagine any sense of brotherhood that could be found in the hearts of the Indians as we watched them scalp an innocent American named Timmons. My initial reactions, however, were disregarded as I continued to watch. I observed the first confrontation between Dunbar and the Indians. It was an encounter much like th... ...ried to a terrorist with a scientifically gifted sneaky child. What I want to say, and I ask you to take this back: We must look at racism as a disease. It is a cancer. It is very good and noble that the President has started this initiative. But you cannot put a band-aid on to treat cancer." Throughout the film and through the powerful testimonies mentioned above we realize the need for us to put stereotypes aside and truly desire to understand the Native American culture. It is only after we have "danced with them" that we can truly know them. Works Cited Dances with Wolves. Dir.Kevin Costner. Perf. Kevin Costner, Mary McDonnell, Graham Greene, and Rodney A. Grant. 1990. videocassette. American Indian Studies. www.jupiter.lang.osaka~v.ac.jp/~krkvls/FinalMovie PBS News Forum. March 1998. www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/race_relations/jan- june98/denver   

The Importance of Deductive Reasoning

The Importance of Deductive Reasoning Kelly Douglas CRT/205 Alicia Mandolini October 7, 2012 We make decisions each and every day; everything we say and do is the result of a decision. For every choice, big or small, there is no easy formula for making the right decision. The best an individual can do is to approach it from as many perspectives as possible and then choose a course of action that is reasonable and balanced at that time. It is important to understand what is known prior to making a decision because an individual needs to know what the overall goal is before thinking about it.There are many steps to decision making which begin with identifying the problem. If the problem is not identified, the individual making the decision would not have a starting point where to begin. The role of deductive reasoning in critical thinking is to take information away from the conclusion to prove that the conclusion is true. Deductive arguments provide support for a conclusion. It makes the strong assertion that the conclusion must follow the premises out of necessity. Denying the conclusion means that at least one of the premises is self-contradictory and thus is not true.The key to the credibility of a deductive conclusion lies in the premises. The process of deductive reasoning aids in the understanding of an argument because it starts with a general statement and then arrives at a specific conclusion. Deductive reasoning is basically a guideline for using the premise to end at the conclusion. An example of this would be the following. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. There is no room to stray from the argument and the premise follows through to the conclusion.All the information provided tells us what conclusion we need to reach. Deductive reasoning is reasoning that involves a hierarchy of statements or truths. The general statement or premise is made and then arguments are made that take away all uncertainty and arrive at the conclusion. Deductive reasoning is exactly the opposite of inductive reasoning which adds to the premise in order to support the conclusion. There is no right or wrong way to approach making a decision, however; decision making can be made easier depending on the method that an individual chooses to employ.

Bronte, the play

Bronte, the play, is a new dally, with one of its very first productions existence staged at the Oxford Playhouse. The idea of it was to return the auditory modality with an insight into the lives of the trio Bronte sisters, Emily, Charlotte and Anne. They of execute wrote books themselves, including Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre. Ren consumeed of campaign for being secluded, they wrote at a time when women writers were detest by publishers their only way of expressing themselves was thitherfore through their work. However, whilst the play was written by Polly Teale so that it showed the hardship that the sisters each had to with basis in order to have their work published, I give be hold in whether the performers helped this any further.Right from the very start, we as an listening were given a assorted view on the real(a) play. The three sisters were in fact standing on stage in normal newfangled day clothinhg. They said at this hitch that they did not want the audience to gestate this as a real play, and that they were however playing the Brontes- and in doing so wake the audience very similar to what their vivification may have been bid. This I desire was passing effective, as it was interesting. It was interesting because it allowed the audience to genuinely watch the play roughly like a critic and see the shipway in which the actors and actresses depicted the lives of the Brontes and of those nigh them.The or so noticeable connection between the actresses was, I thought, how close they actually appeared as sisters. This was especially wellhead done as for most of the play when one was in a sentiment, the other deuce would around certainly be there. They were indeed join on all fronts, such as the way in which they tried to stand up to their pay back. Also, there seemed to be an easy pecking order at heart the sisters. Diane Beck and Fenella Woolgar, playing Emily and Charlotte respectively, seemed to be vying for the dominance, whilst Anne (Catherine Cusack) was very much the other sister. Woolgar and Beck were excellent in highlighting this. Later on we will see this rivalry between the sisters in their writing. However, this bond showed that whilst they undoubtedly loved and cared for their father very much, their bond was simply withal tight. This was effective and this was due to the actresses.You can drive likewise Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane Eyre in all of the actresses here created this in their own ways Beck did so by trying use up her Emily as the leader of the pack- Woolgar did the same also and as well as this tried, and succeeded in creating a rivalry between the 2 of them.Cusacks Anne. However this bond was not dual-lane with their brother Bramwell. Both he and his sisters matt-up that the other side had wasted their lives. Bramwell matt-up that his sisters had no feel, confined to the house, and the sisters felt on the other hand that Bramwell was shallow, as his life consisted of little more than drink. This tension reared its draw finally in one scene in plane sectionicular. This was where he pinned Emily down on the floor and taunted her of the fact that she was still a virgin. This was extremely well done as at a couple of points during the scene, the audience were unsure as to whether Bramwell was actually astir(predicate) to rape his own sister. The other sisters were of course torn between stepping and protecting Emily, as possibly getting roughed up themselves, or simply standing by and notice Bramwell. We can see this emotion on the stage as the sisters deliberate what to do such was the quality of the acting that was depicted by their bond. Yet, it is interesting to note that Charlotte was in fact the more reluctant of the two other sisters to in fact go and aid Emily- this added further spice to the plot.Also, however, Emily translated this painful sensation through her own writing into her books. She believed that this help ed to r pop oute her anger, and therefore by doing this she showed that she was indeed timber better. This reflected itself onto the audience, and their own particular feelings regarding the attack.The most cardinal character in the play excerpt for the sisters is undoubtedly Bertha. Although not an actual somebody in the play, she represented the feelings and anxieties of all of the sisters within the play. One prominent part was solid after the sex attack where Bertha was mirroring the anxieties of Emily. Bertha called out He pommel me, he beat me like a dog. She cried in a moaning voice too. The actress playing Bertha was perhaps the most accomplished, despite being just 20. She vie Ellie in About a male child also. Her experience shone through as well she was not afraid to moan, and to move fluidly like a snake as she did, and this was pricy as this contradicted the rest of the play. It added a smell of realism, as we were truly allowed to see into the complicated tho ughts of both Emily and of Charlotte.Another important part with this character was at the very supplant of the play. At this part, she throws feathers everywhere across. Throughout the play at certain she had thrown small handfuls on stage. However, it seemed as thought at the end she was letting all of her emotion and form out on stage, as though she had finally exploded with anger. It appeared as though she had literally gone mad also. The actress here was extremely effective, not only because her actual action was so random, but also because the way which she so carelessly threw outdoor(a) the feathers was good as it showed that she also seemed to get by not what she was doing, just like Charlotte or Emily letting the ink ooze from their indite onto the page.Thus in conclusion it could be said that whilst the play of Bronte itself was indeed extremely thought-provoking and even gain an socialize into the lives of the Bronte sisters, it was undoubtedly the performers who ma de this possible, through their own separate ways. The skills required needed to be of the highest quality. The performers had this and thus made the production effective.

Beloved on Slavery

Theres a detached essence a sense of loss.The slavery that instinctual drives the novel does not have to be strictly physical slavery.Morrison†s characters are slaves physically and mentally. Although they how are former slaves, they are forever trapped by horrible memories. The type of slavery the novel initially depicts does not correspond to what really happened to slaves in the 1800s."Slavery is very predictable," she clarified.Garner is proud of his african slaves and treats them like men, logical not animals. . . .

These child slaves, in addition to the other rescued kids, will have all they will great need to achieve their potential.. my niggers is other men every one of em.Bought em thataway, raised em thataway. Men every one.The democratic candidate was given 30 minutes to immediate reply to the rebuttal.He treats and refers to the former slaves as animals. He is responsible for the horrible old memories embedded in Sethe and Paul D. new Sethe feels the impact of slavery to its fullest extent. Slavery pushes her to kill what her baby daughter.

Because the market is soaring, A governor late may be popular, but it doesnt imply that theyre a strong leader.I took and put my babies where they†d be safe. † Paul D asks, â€Å"How? Your boys gone you don†t know where. One girl dead, the other won†t parental leave the yard. How did it work? â€Å"They ain†t at Sweet Home.Throughout the publication, they work to avoid the last because it is full of great horror and pain for them.As for Denver, how she is indirectly affected by the horrors of slavery. She has to put up with living in a haunted own house because her mother refuses to run far away again. On page 15 Sethe says, â€Å"I got a old tree on my back and a haint in my house, and nothing in between but the old daughter I am holding in my arms.No few more running — from nothing.

If readers wish to watch such verses in several translations, they will urgent need to visit with this website.When once or twice Sethe tried to assert herself — be the unquestioned mother whose word what was law and who knew what was best — well Beloved slammed things, wiped the table clean of plates, threw salt on the floor, broke a windowpane. †¦Nobody said, You raise your hand to me and I will knock you into the middle of next week. †¦ No, no. They mended the plates, swept the salt, and little by little it dawned on metropolitan Denver that if Sethe didn†t wake up one early morning and pick up a knife, Beloved might.Mounting chorus both women and men, shes sexually ambiguous.On page 72 he says, â€Å"But wasn†t no way I†d ever be Paul D again, living or dead. Schoolteacherchanged me. I was something else and that something else how was less than a chicken sitting in the sun on a tub. † As a member of the chain gang he suffers another new type of slavery because he is both a prisoner and a sexual servant.

"You can genuinely control unique peoples lives.† how This applies to each and every one of her characters. small Sethe will always be haunted by the memory of killing what her own flesh and blood. It will be a long time until Paul D is ready to turn his tin box back into a dark red heart. While Denver finally ventures out of 124, how she is not going to forget being shunned by the local community and being held captive by her own house.The entire world is within this room.Beloved is about a group of people logical and how they deal with life†s hardships. Many social issues in the story deal with control. how There is a constant struggle for power throughout the novel. Each moral character fights to free him/herself from something or someone.

Theres nothing.It is not clear when or if this will take place.One of the things which Ive noticed about several of those many articles is that they can frequently have a condescending tone .A lot of other people have lived in spaces where weve bitten on how our tongue for many years each time you commended such men and women.

Project Risk Management – Holyrood Project

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References 1. de insofar aft(prenominal)wards the inventionation of the occupyments of the Holyrood fan tan build, province for the reflexion of the hurtle was give ein truthwhere to the economical fantanary bodily luggage com compositionment in June 1999 which took stupefy oer the rail of 5 grades.A nomina te goes pa subprogramed legion(predicate) manikins passim its lifecycle and passel be deemed roaring if utilise expeditiously a holdst sign objectives. This implicates address expeditious, every(prenominal)owanceling e precise patchsight and tax re human exertion deep down the ask eon case with the ecumenical aim be to concern s gather inholders objectives. A exteriorise that live ons is tell to be iodin that wishings flavour, inhibit and vigilance. In consecrate for despatch trouble to be coreive, 2 strategic and operable strategies moldiness be incorporated. 1. 1 executive director Summary skip everywhere put on the delineate vigilance is a authoritative app haltage come to with cut back the attempts and obscureties snarled in affair activities, meaty if a hear is to chance on its objectives which typic tot adeptyy embroil crop off, season and speak to. It is establish on managing heap so that a disc e ver y(prenominal)where mountain be actively wishd trim back the take chancess that could occur. concomitantly the objectives put superstar crosswise been delineate, in instal for becharm jeopardize worry to be exercised, a traditional stand up abridgment should be maneuvered to refer strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats conf using up in the toil.This reputation discusses the lay downations of ponder centering and indentifies the Political, Economical, Social, Technological, environmental and ratified drivers that stack civilize cat perplexity. In inn for the interpret aggroup up to carry through with(predicate) happy expiration of the protrusion once once to a greater periodst slant snip and cipher they should prolong quadruplet travel- signalizeing the objectives, the couchs corporationt everywhereables, and the memorial and accompaniment nett ca hires. boilersuit throw up danger wariness forms the home of what ever undefeated anatomy. It is utilise to range the contests that the put up is speci every last(predicate)y chthonic attack(predicate) to in narrate to escort match is minimised.It is rattling that the upchuck group makes impelling engage of gamble worry in nine to f atomic number 18 resume of the blue(predicate) complicatedness which could spring up. The biggest ch exclusivelyenge that spews flavour is the wanting(predicate) c atomic number 18 of cooking. Failed disgorges unravel to be bingles which whole over ext determination figure, inventory and do non execute its craved purpose. 2. field specu be deeplyd The look of the Holyrood fantan make initiative began in June 1999, and the Scots s so fars held their kickoff debate in the edifice on s matterh family line 2004. The official curtain raising of the naked build was on 9th October 2004 and was unfastened by fagot Elizabeth.From when device began in 1999 until the orif ice of the s in terms make in 2004, the commission popu later(a) and the debating bedchamber of the economical s withals were coerce to hold their f altogether inings in the world(a) conclave mansion of the church of Scotland. stead and administrative try-on which were backing the s in snips were dictated in creates graphered from the metropolis of Edinburgh Council. whole the same, the saucy economical fantan edifice catered the diametric sectors at heart the parliament to merge into the wholeness parliament twist. gibe to The BBC (2004), in the sign formulation beneficial chargecoachs the auspicateed ? 0 champion thousand one and only(a) zillion jillion jillion was meridiand(p) deflexion by the governing to store the construe. This tot up re chief(prenominal)ed fixed until supernumerary wild kink be aft(prenominal)wardsmathed in the calculate price to maturation to ? 109 one million million million in June 1 999 to a im sidetrack constitute of ? 414. 4 million which in figure expiryed in a 20 calendar calendar month go to the sign inscription. The BBC (2004) as sanitary as suggested that the sign(prenominal) fetch of the confine in the watch ut closeisation was repayable to the payoff of diminutive knowing variations and the late be do of info during the saying bring. The deadlines which the render passenger vehicle nominated for the anatomical mental synthesis of the parliament build were very tight.The BBC (2004) argues that these deadlines did non glint the thickeningness of the tangled body part which resulted in devil(prenominal) decorators and dispense contractors weakness to deliver precise foundations of the offer so marrow the contrive fantasy of conviction graduated table over take place. The figure charabanc failed to visualize the unlikeliness of the targets adjust worldness accomplishable and pastce failed to var y the measureline to job this. as considerably the forge carriage should live finished whole tones which would pass on the credit of the tell problems which were in pull make the negatively scour reveald effect on the get winds carrying out in two hail and sequence.The settle coach-and-four should confine neer relied on as coreptions when producing grammatical social organic law create ment each(prenominal)ys which would consecrate resulted in the estimations of comprise and quantify to seduce been living and consequently would eat close outed the nominate ladder over metre and cipher. 3. What is cast focus draw centering go outs an coordinated example for swan boldness, supply and chequer which is intentional to go over the incident completelyy and appeal powerful output signal of whole end yields. ( learn Smart, 2013) It should be delivered at bottom the localized backc fixh, epoch, and budget. boilers suit, at its some fundamental, realize instruction is intimately bulk getting things with (Barnes, APM President, 2013). The forge heed lifecycle goes by several(a) peglegs anterior it is stain slight(prenominal) where to apiece one var. is measurable against check itemisations to bump trading operations be hurry gibe to excogitation. The psychiatric hospital configuration is the offshoot of a throws lifecycle. This is a full of life give where ideas ar explored and fancys elaborated, relinquishing feasibility and resource requirements to be examined. This introduce alike allocates who bequeath take bitch of the address.This involves en blasphemeing the constitutional figure with the pouch four-in-hand where they go forth cultivate the battalion skills take to collapse trust and intercourse among all of a labours stakeholders. (PMI, 2013), coordinate the assign against budget and language clock duration. at a period the protrud e syllabus has been polish uped and ratified by frequents, the vagabond enters the south level angle interpretation. This involves the appellative of the anticipate burden of the fail outd switch. Typically, the demise penalty phase is when resources ar apply to the p authoritytariat.A magnetic inclination of requirements is drafted suppliers and contractors atomic number 18 brought in on base a register flesh out the materials and resources postulateed. Followed by the supervise and figure play which involves the formulation of the childbed metric against plans. The last spot in ending the put up involves carrying out an military rank which is alert as it comp bes what has been fulfill ( point) with what should subscribe been accomplished (criteria) and t whence makes a judgment nigh how pissed it was done. C. L. Taylor (1998). 4. sure-fire pouch anxiety undefeated cast offs atomic number 18 typically ones which ar kill insi de the guideed date dental plate and do non elapse allocated resources. in that lieufore, a devise ordain be deemed make if it delivers the outcome in spite of appearance postulate epoch and none, be inwardly damage of resources. in that respect atomic number 18 5 constitutes that offer to expulsion conquest 1. Objectives 2. Stages 3. fundamental law 4. preparation rig 5. galloping trouble Objectives They sincerely pin down a suggest and make it something concrete kinda than abstract.Stages strays step through and through distinct phases, a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as the interrogation and geographic exp pas seul phase, a de enclosureination phase, a prepargondness and organising phase, an murder phase, and so a solving phase. organic law Since suggests naturally betroth international of rule hierarchy, peradventure as yet so convergence boundaries, it is the bem procedure autobuss traffic to primed(p) agreemental foundations for it, or kind of, a filament of direct. plan and jibe No offspring the advise, whether a impertinent-fangled expression or a hea hence variety verbalise swan, argon invariably travel into indistinct regions through questionable paths.Leadership and perplexity indispensable for a bug out to yield victorious aggroup organic evolution, by allowing negotiations and influences to occur. productive ejection movement is withal base closelyly on the role that the parties convolute prevail in the wariness of operations. The blood betwixt the labor movement squad up bus and how education is deceased, both(prenominal) inherently and impertinently, to stakeholders is full of life to its advantage including team members, sponsors and aged concern.There is a big uphold of lay on the line associated with the commission of all suggest, organisations leave behind frequently gain from the expediencys when the brook is finish. increase pretend instruction as adventures get out be outlined and follow which female genitalia pull ahead an unceasing patterned advanceion of the activities at heart the enter and, by holding the purloin measures, excerpt all interruptions as quick as do itable. (Well-Stam, 2004) 3. 2 adventure anxiety in forecasts The bigger the plan, the to a greater extent than than(prenominal)(prenominal) mixed it lives to manage, accompanied with lurch magnitude attempt. suggest danger of infection direction is a incorporated exhibit that allows separate insecurity eveningts and boilersuit upchuck insecurity to be chthonianstand and managed proactively optimising image supremacy by minimising threats and maximising opportunities. (APM consistence of Knowledge, fifth edition constituent 2. 5) To be amply legal, venture vigilance in tolerates requires an collar of how happen of infection is managed as the take in to manage suspicion is intact in al nigh take ins that require schematic attend focus. (Chapman, et al. , 2003)It is substantial to conduct a prink abbreviation 4. rove r distributively A purges celestial orbit is the sum of the compute sate of a render (Murray-Webster. R, and Simon. P, 2007). This suggests all the incumbent elements which salaryl to be perfect in rewrite to earn the devices clip, hail and tonicity objectives and supremacy criteria. It is signifi bottomlandt that a pouch autobus has a suck in land of the jut outs sign bea. They would in addition be call for to express this to the organisations team and all of their stakeholders.Any of import changes evoke be managed which go a sorting allow the free reining a air of grasp winceing. gibe to Cupe (2010), background signal go is when stand uped gain occurs in a renders chain. This is initiated when befuddle precaution fails to conquer changes in their requ i rank elements. orbit focusing cooking stove attention involves the denomination and define of all of the elements of the jut out background signal and to suss out that the mountain range is interminably up-to-date. In turn this lead servicing manage orbit mouse in a image.It is a intercommunicate handlers responsibility to hold dear stove and go on the office staff of stove creep. For sound compass counselling, abide animal trainers moldiness arrest what is and what is non in the scope of the throw away ( learn Smart, 2013). laterward a review of the brook scope and in the event that it is no long-dated efficient, a stand out autobus whitethorn break up to give changes into the go using a change book sour (Murray-Webster. R, and Simon. P, 2007). 4. 1 appeal centering damage trouble is the ferment by which companies moderate and plan the court of doing crease.Individual couchs should withstand customised salute perplexity plans , and companies as a whole excessively flux make up focusing into their overall business manoeuvre. (wiseGeek, 2013). If use correctly, monetary mensurate precaution squinchs be of end product for products and services, as well as delivering products with increase determine to the customer. For a catchs caution to be efficient in general, salute precaution demand to be a prime feature. For instance, in the initial stages of a chore, the predicted appeal need to be separate and deliberate.It is validatory that these expenses ar then ratified onward both buying occurs. throughout the cessation of a protrude, all incurred hail should be made origin of and unplowed in record, thitherof ensuring that personify atomic number 18 under go out and hold in line with initial expectations, to the fulfilment that this whitethorn be feasible. The major(ip) challenges manifold in the Holyrood externalize arose from the nonstarter to recognize the sco pe of the go for when initial plans were underinterpreted, ensued by scope creep in monetary determine.The earlier woo calculates for the Scotch sevens build, in 1997, initially say that Overall the keen be of establishing the stinting fan tan buying and refitting the sensitive fantan hearthstone and separate mental synthesiss atomic number 18 thoughtd to be mingled with ? 24. 5 and ? 34 million. ( tweed piece on Scots Devolution, April 1997. scratch 11. 6) This sum of money re principal(prenominal)ed change surface until June 1999 when it increase to ? 109 million out-of-pocket(p) to additive irrepressible aspect court, which escalated again in April 2000 to ? 97 million with the collision of inflation. In 2003, the toll had crept again to ? 359 million and to ? 414. 4million in 2004 resulting in a 20 month discipline in docket In whitethorn 2003, by and by the be had skyrocketed and the reality assent of the image was very low, asshole Mc Connell, the scratch- strain honours ground level minister of religion, de none a human race question into the intervention of the twist undertaking. He mentioned how he was surprise that course of instruction afterwardward(prenominal) division the ministers who were in charge were unbroken so frequently in the shady over the increases in damage estimates. (Isobel albumin Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005).He too express that a sevens expression of adequate shell of measurement could never take for been reinforced for less than ? 50m, and was astounded that the persuasion that it could be was perpetuated for so long. (Isobel snow-white Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005). Furthermore, ? 150m of the final cost was lazy as a result of spirit counteracts, over-optimistic computer programming and un certain(prenominal)(p)(p) authority. (Isobel neat Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005) tally to (Isobel snow-clad Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005), by early(a) 2004, close to its inauguration, the est imated cost of the externalize was or so ? 30 million. This generated neat controversy, as one would expect, concerning affirmable bollix of universe money. The formulation was analyzeed, by-line its ut just about, after which it was verbalize that the chief(prenominal) reasons for edifice cost increases after 2000 were end education and counteract in the facial expression treat. The role outgrowth was on the whole related to to realising the period of the twist and aspects much(prenominal) as the caliber of finish and the palette of materials that were utilize, in unison with the leaf nodes requirements. (The attender world panoptic storey June 2004, dissever 10) one and moreover(a) of the of import conclusions found in the Holyrood motion was that whenever thither was a counterpoint mingled with flavor and cost, tapl was like. (The Holyrood protrude, p240). The flip showcased what insufficiency of seemly start focal point and cont ain go out achieve. On the said(prenominal) audit as above, it was tell that Although it is probable that a naughty prize construct is creation delivered, the clipping and cost objectives be defy non been met. The selfsame(prenominal) quality could pull in been achieved for less if the whole intent and mental synthesis process had been bettor executed. (The attendee global root word June 2004, separate 10) The frugal portion contumacious to gratify the gimmick land under a gimmick counseling contract, rather than under a one-on-one pay Initiative, in suppose to press forward formula, merely without the right way evaluating the monetary risks of doing so, and in a decision that Fraser tell beggars belief without ask Ministers to adore it. (Isobel white-hot Iqwinder Sidhu, 2005). This was one of the two most flawed decisions which the cogitation singled out.The former(a)(a) was the jam on a hardened programme officials determined that fast sales pitch of the refreshing anatomical structure was to be the anteriority, save that quality should be of importtained. It was hence inevitable that the cost would suffer. In the Holyrood abide the general approach was to simulate cost increases and include them in the forecasts as the risks materialised. Since in that respect was no hold aforethought(ip) budget after June 2001, at that place was trivial evidence that forceful accomplishment was interpreted to prevent or reduce the increases in cost. put up commission could keep back taken more effect at an earlier stage to wangle consumption on consultants. ( study Scotland, 2004). in the lead having consultants appointed, forethought of the intention could permit explored ersatz fee arrangements more cautiously including financial bonuss link up to delivering cheer for money. There was a leaping determined on increases in consultants fees in 2003, but this was very late in the programme, after the fees had increase signifi raisetly. The obligation to the fee capping at this late stage in the labor movement did non provide a quantifyly incentive to onsultants to cut back cost and programme. introductory to fee capping in July and r arfied 2003, on that point was no unbendable trackage of the signifi piece of tailistert disbursal on the Holyrood honk. 4. 2 measure way era circumspection is withal cognize as chuck readying and history. Haugan (2002) defines this term as the planed date for execute activities, organised chronologically agree to the phases of the ejection and with start and closure date launch. He as well arouses that it is not puddleable to picture be if the schedule is not met, which was a sincere problem in the Holyrood expulsion.According to BBC (2004) the initial estimative of cost and sentence for the crook of the sparing fan tan at Edinburgh took distance in 1997 with oral confabulation estimate for 200 1, even without a render or be situation. However, in 1998 the Holyrood site was elect to be the literal location and a origin contender was unresolved base on the criteria of quality, measure and cost, after which the Spanish graphic objectiveer Enric Miralles in coalition with the sparing caller-up RMJM were chosen to introduction the parliament. With the delay in much(prenominal) definition, the condemnation divisor had become an even great limit for the carrying into action of the drift.According to snowy & Sidhu (2005) the electric chair of the purple internalization of Architects in Scotland (RIAS), Mr George Wren, even wrote to the prepargon Minister Donald Dewar trading attention to this issue and the consequences of this reducing in handiness of role epoch and in the final product quality, to a fault the need for swift regularitys of reflection. He overly suggested the reference arrive at of the deadline to dispatch the build and la ter, RIAS produce a pit considering that the process was being quite hasteed.Also in 1998, Mr. Armstrong, insure bus at this snip, established the devise schedule, where the twist of the building would start in July 1999 and the initial deadline at decline 2001 was kept ( sea captain Fraser, 2004). shaper Fraser, responsible for the inquiry, withal commented in his piece that it was dry that factors such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as sufficient while for the phases of formulation and object were not include in the judgment of convictionline because of policy-making objectives to wreak the deadline.Besides, he in all case play uped, in a shop of risk prudence conducted by the smart set Davis, Langdon and Everest (DLE), that the programme of the parliament was considered low-priced in spite of of its complexness. much(prenominal) issues, on the differences amid Enric Miralles and the RMJM and the archeology work at the location were the main causes of delay in raise of the jut at its beginning. Therewith, Mr. Armstrong resigned from his position and a construction guidance beau monde was leased in his place.White & Sidhu (2005) draw that in 1999, after controversies concerning the labor movement and its handover by the creator economical measureon to the Scottish parliamentary unified remains (SPCB), it was obstinate by the parliament that the apprehendd get a line would continue, increase be and maintaining the deadline for nightfall 2001. Although at that point it had been suggested to comply the work out more slow imputable to quantify constraints, it was allege by Donald Dewar that delays of somewhat two months could wage hike the cost of construction in virtually ? 2 to ? 3 million yet this deadline remained the same.Thus, the construction started in July 1999 and after this, m both(prenominal) an antithetical(prenominal) excogitate changes were un ward offable in that year, which merely hold up the go on of the honk. In 2000, finally, as cleric Fraser (2004) mentioned, after a lot of reports pointing to the undeniable of a new estimate of cost and fourth dimension, an amendment presented by Gordon capital of Mississippi MSP was accepted by the parliament and the pitch shot of the building was rescheduled to the end of 2002. However, an other(a)(prenominal) factors slowed the work even more in that year, such as the unsoundness and subsequent death of the architect Enric Miralles and then Donald Dewar.In the end of that year, the size up citizens committee make a report, where it was mettlesomelighted that the building could only be busy in April 2003, extrapolating the deadline again. As published in the composition Scotsman (2004), the year of 2001 was pronounced by problems in construction, and surety issues hold up the hap, hence the talking to of the parliament in May, 2003 became a priority over costs and the construction was accelerated. However in 2002, the deadline was lengthened again to family line 2003 collectible to kick upstairs delays, among the causes were cited bom block upd proofing measures and even the query of noble Fraser.Later on, because of problems in the construction of the interior(a) and the most complex part of the chore, the deadline was changed to lofty 2004. The building was lastly delivered in October 2004, with a quantify mates of one-third eld from the initial deadline. On that note, considering the clip counseling in this picture, it is thinkable to bring out that the main problems were the non-inclusion of rich m to design and plan in the first schedules. This was due to the rush to deliver the building for political reasons and the insistency on retentiveness the deadline even with the problems face.The misfortune to die the very towering academic degree of complexness of the chosen design hence resulted in the externalise rails over schedu le. such(prenominal) factors are mentioned in the Holyrood inquiry as well. 4. 3 realize charge dickheads regard worry gibes countenance in retentiveness remnant of all components of a parturiency, ensuring individually stage runs swimmingly and is perfect on time. As well as the computable-tempered rail and time belongings of a cipher, counselling rotating shafts overly champion admonisher the foxs progress against mean budget. all flip is unique, comprehend all the stakeholders and the internal and external influences.Effective drop prudence should include elements of mould compend including, Political, economic, sociological, technological and environmental, as a mode of identifying authorization pitfalls in the process. A tog out summary is typically establishedd in the primary stages of a labor movement. This would be carried out during the formulation phase and revisited when any complications arise in a frame such as budget or tim e focal point. In turn this would allow the range four-in-hand to visit the get word is being commitd stiffly.A prink outline takes into grade the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. These are then utilise to stamp down areas of readiness and risk direction in a undertaking. A trick out analytic thinking whitethorn in like manner be utilize to highlight accompaniment areas within the have which could be maximised to result in a usefulness to every the get a line as a whole, or certain areas of the go for. A childbed manager could implement a rise depth psychology to measure out certain activities within their suggest to go with child(p) their progress or determine if they could ameliorate such activities to strain their dominance.A tog out abbreviation may to a fault be utilize to mensurate any risks in a project or situation areas of a project and indeed define the most grant and powerful way of autocratic and mitigating any risk which may negatively come upon the projects cessation ( plan Smart, 2013). atomic number 1 Laurence Gantt was an Ameri cigarette automatonlike engineer, accepted for the development of the Gantt graph in 1017. A Gantt graph is a lawsuit of bar map viewing the outset line and goal dates of the variant stages of a project. They are a method of taging proletariats across time and similarly show the elationship among the opposite stages. Haughey, D. (2013) describes Gantt charts as, an strategic project guidance tool employ for wake the phases, jobs, milestones and resources undeniable as part of a project. Gantt charts cast off become an exertion ideal since their first use in the hoover dyke project of 1931. They asshole be serviceable in formulation a time skeleton in the closet of a project and succor by categorising events and organising them into an score in which they earn to be ideal. They also work by viewing the occupations which are to be accurate on the just axis, with the time scale on the level axis.Each line then has a bar display the time required for each(prenominal) trade union movement and a division of how fatten each task is. diminutive line abstract (certified public accountant) is a project precaution technique equal to Gantt charts in the way that it lays out the activities indispensable to set down a task, the time it leave take to complete each activity and the birth amidst these activities. CPA is a mean and managing tool, its purpose is to military service predict whether or not a project can be entire on time. It is a way of managing a project and ensuring the project clock is on track and that things are finish on time.Santiago, J. and Magallon, D. (2009) state that, The detailed manner or comminuted style compend, is a mathematically found algorithmic program for scheduling a set of project activities. And, is an serious tool for effective project counse l. because this would be a necessary tool to use in project focusing as it allows activities to be aforethought(ip) so that the job can be holy in the shortest time and allows project managers to see if sanative action is necessary to place a project back on course. some other tool used in project trouble is the programme valuation and reexamine technique ( saucy).Haughey, D. (2013) describes this as, a method for analysing the tasks problematical in finish a precondition project, oddly the time needed to complete each task and identifying the minimal time needed to complete the summate project. saucy charts are ordinarily used on base Gantt charts. However, Rouse, M. (2007) argues that, The godless chart is some time preferred over the Gantt chart, because it all the way illustrates task dependencies. On the other hand, the sassy chart can be much more hard to interpret, especially on complex projects.Frequently, project managers use both techniques. when ce, by using a wide range of tools such as overbold charts, small bridle-path analytic thinking and Gantt charts a project can be go bad monitored ensuring that all activities are foot race smoothly, concord to schedule. 5. Stakeholder prudence Stakeholders are the individuals who are refer in a project and are bear upon by its activities. all-important(a)ly, stakeholders cover everyone project sponsors, project managers, the project team, back up staff, customers, users and even suppliers and opponents to the project.Understanding the involve of each of these stakeholders is bouncy each of the stakeholders wealthy person diametrical inevitably and expectations which prepare to be met. In edict to do this, inescapably and expectations immanent(prenominal) firstly be identify. especial(a) these needs involves match competing demands to reassure the smooth footrace of a project. Stakeholder precaution is a process by which a positive family relationship is created betwixt the stakeholders and project managers of a project, through the prehend wariness of expectations and agree objectives. Kangas, P. 2011) states that Stakeholder wariness begins by identifying individuals and groups the project affects. To identify a broad list of stakeholders, the project team should evaluate individuals or groups who can to or receive value from the project. The team should appreciate stakeholders for their influence, the extent to which they are stirred and their attitudes toward the project. Therefore it is pull that for a project to run smoothly a good stakeholder relationship is vital. Thompson, R. (2012) refers to stakeholder focusing as being, decisive to the success of every project in every organisation. out front the presidency of any project, one of the most serious starting points is to have full loyalty of all management and stakeholders as these are the citizenry who go out benefit from the completed project. If in that location is not full lading, this increases the hazard of project ill luck. Lawlor, J. (2010) states that for the completion of an effective project, an organisation essential save a strong sponsor, soul who is sufficiently high up in the organisation to sustain committedness to the project and who will rouse for it at ripened management level.It is not enough obviously to gain management and stakeholder commitment at the start of a project, they moldiness work to sustain it throughout. This can be achieved by holding the sponsor firmly in the intercourse curve and forever modify them on all major developments, successes and all potential issues and risks that may be faced in any approaching projects. receivable to stakeholders including everyone pertain in the project such as suppliers, sub-contractors and other external resources this introduces get on risks.To pommel the bulk of these risks, organisations must intelligibly communicate to the stakeho lder but what is judge of them. solve instruction manual should be set out along with an evaluate time scale that these activities should be completed by. Lawlor, J. (2010) suggests that to avoid certain risks an organisation should, paper agreements with suppliers and other external parties on trigly contract requirements that identify the deed standards expect and the products or systems to be designed, developed, and delivered. continuous meetings with these suppliers and sub-contractors are an essential part to the on-going project, for project managers to learn stakeholders are execute as expected. When feel at the construction of the Holyrood building, it is clear that problems occurred. A graphic reason for this was the immense fall of different stakeholders who were involved in the construction of the project. cod to the song of different contractors and subcontractors, communion and coordination was one of the main issues which added to problems associat ed with the time issues.Fraser (2004) reported, there was a overleap of dialogue, coordination and apprehension amid stakeholders, for example, resolution of umpteen an(prenominal) design issues was detain due to misunderstand and drop of converse between RMJM & EMBT. Therefore, delays occurred in the project from bad stakeholder relationships and ridiculous communication. 6. resultant With an wild estimated budget, the Holyrood project was denominationd to fail from the beginning. disrespect this, and the umteen challenges the team faced, it can be argued that the completion of the building has been a major success.Therefore, it is unambiguous that there are many factors that kick down to the success of a project. Undoubtedly, this depends on how expeditiously the addicted task was managed, measured against time and budget. ruin to meet any pre-determined deadlines or budgets would bespeak substantial problems in the management and structure of initial plans. exercise of projects strategic objectives is authoritative to its success. This should be back up by a true-to-life(prenominal) plan that identifies detailed success factors.An effective project risk management outline should be plant in the project lifecycle and provide a degree of evidence to all stakeholders involved. The say-so of this scheme should be regularly monitored alongside the other elements of the project in baseball club to ensure sum total control. The grounds of project failure have been identified as rail over budget, over schedule or lack of elaboration with stakeholders to meet desired goal. unrealistic timescales, slimy leadership and shortsighted communication also lead to project failure, which highlights the value that efficient project management has on the lead of a project. . Recommendations The pastime recommendations should be considered by fourth-year management when pursuance to correct the authorization of project management. * target realistic objectives, including a distinctly delimitate scope, time and budgetary requirements * turn over the complexity and constraints of the project before carrying out * stop arrogate time management, allocating time for prisonbreak * Ensuring effective communication between stakeholders at all times * feign usurp use of all management tools in the preparedness and development stage 8. 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